Tissue Engineering in Replace of Organ Donation - 1353 Words

Organ donation provided a new therapeutic path when new drugs and devices failed to reduce the mortality and morbidity rate of patients with such illnesses as cardiovascular diseases. By replacing damaged organs or tissue with a functioning substitute, organ transplantation offers an immediate cure. Unfortunately, this â€Å"cure† is never guaranteed because of the high risk of graft rejection and that’s if a suitable donor can be found. Thus, tissue engineering has been the projected new treatment for these problems. Tissue engineering replaces the diseased or damaged tissue or organs with biofabricated counterparts made using the specifications dictated by the features of the specific tissue or organ. Tissue engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary field that uses principles from engineering, biology and chemistry in an effort towards tissue regeneration. The main draw of tissue engineering is the regeneration of a patient’s own tissues and organs free from low biofunctionality and poor biocompatibility and serious immune rejection. As medical care continues to improve and life expectancy continues to grow, organ shortages become more problematic.(Manufacturing living things) According to organdonor.gov, a patient is added to the waiting list every 10 minutes and an average of 18 people die everyday waiting for an organ donation. The â€Å"nirvana† of tissue engineering is to replace the need for organ donation altogether. This could be achieved using scaffolding fromShow MoreRelatedThe Field Of Bioartificial Organs1565 Words   |  7 Pagesyears. In this respect, experimentation in the field of bioartificial organs is particularly extraordinary, because it has the potential to kick off a new age in the medical field and science as a whole. However, the research and use of bioartificial organs, specifically the stem cells involved, often stir up controversy. Although the possibilities stem cells bring about are very profitable to the medical field and bioartificial organs, the ethics involved in harvesting the embryos cause debate. WhatRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Xenotransplantation: Organ Donations1073 Words   |  5 Pagesknow many of the people who need organ donations need them because of new and old health issues. The worldwide demand for organs far surpasses the supply. A study done by the United Network for Organ Sharing in 2004 found that over one hundred thousand patients could have benefited from an organ transplant but only twenty-nine thousand were available. In the United States alone seventeen patients die each and every day while on the waiting list to receive a donor organ. Scientists have been trying toRead MoreHow Scientists Can Most Efficiently Complete Organ Printing Essay2428 Words   |  10 Pagescomplete organ printing. In this lab, the cells will be suspended in a substrate called sodium alginate-collagen, hy drogel, and other reactants. These materials will react to then embed the cells to their goal location. Then, the cells will be able to be fixated into layers. These layers will then come together and form tissues, which according to biological organization will form organs. The inkjet bioprinter allows for this to occur. Tiny ink droplets form a digital design for the organ printingRead MoreThe Potential of Transgenic Organism889 Words   |  4 PagesA Transgenic Organism is an organism that’s genetic material has been transformed using a technique called genetic engineering. This modification contains the mutation, insertion, or deletion of genes. When there is an insertion of genes, they are most commonly from a different species, this is known as horizontal gene transfer. Another way genes can be transferred is in nature, when exogenous DNA (DNA originating outside an organism that has been introduced into the organism) gets through the organismsRead MoreCloning Is The N ew Black2527 Words   |  11 Pagesin research, scientists can possibly create cures for several diseases and create stand in tissues developed from a subject’s body cells (Follow-up). Stem cells are known for their wide variety of uses. Because of this characteristic, scientists can do almost anything with them making them beneficial to medical research. Eventually, scientists hope to manipulate cells into a wide variety of organs and tissues to help treat people with an assortment of illnesses. Once researchers can understand whatRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Field Of Science And Medicine2460 Words   |  10 Pagesdevelopments hinder those values and morals. The field of Bioethics is searching for the line that shouldn’t be crossed by scientific researchers and medical doctors. It also deals with commonly debated issues such as the use of stem cells and genetic engineering practices like cloning. The advancement of technology in the field of science and medicine has a llowed scientists to carry out new procedures like the ones listed above, rather than wonder if they are even possible. But scientific progress doesn’tRead Morekjklk2364 Words   |  10 Pagesoften lack the experience and training—and sometimes the sensitivity—needed to avoid unnecessary animal suffering. The areas of xenotransplantation (transplanting cells, tissues, or organs from one species into another species) and genetic engineering also create a great deal of suffering and death for animals. Genetic engineering consumes and destroys untold volumes of animals in attempts to create animals with specific traits. Nonhuman primates, cats, dogs, mice, rats, and others have all been subjectedRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cells2828 Words   |  12 Pageswhat makes them so of interest to scientists so specific cells can be made to replace damaged cells caused by diseases. There are a couple of sources for getting stem cells; either embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells. In order to get embryonic stem cells scientists can use In Vitro Fertilization or Nuclear Transfer which both have raised ethical concerns while adult stem cells can be retrieved from adult tissue. In Vitro Fertilization is the largest potential source for getting blastocystsRead MoreRobotic Surgery Essay example14445 Words   |  58 Pagesexample, the patient may have a fairly large tumor located in their lungs or stomach. The forced feedback probe would then assist in identifying where the tumor is located and to assure complete ablation with the sole purpose of protecting the healthy tissue (Camarillo, M.S., Krummel, M.D. amp; Salisbury Jr., Ph.D., 2004). As the industry works to continue achievements for scientific drive, there will be more virtual constraints that will be considered as a determining factor. If surgeons are performingRead MoreRobotic Assisted Surgery16730 Words   |  67 Pagesprogrammed to aid in the positioning and manipulation of surgical instruments† (Morris, 2005). Surgical robots enable the surgeon to carry out more complex tasks. These surgical robots that are used are not intended to act in place of human surgeons or to replace them but instead these machines act as â€Å"remote extensions that are governed by the surgeon and are best described as master-slave manipulators† (Morris, 2005). The surgeon can use a direct â€Å"telemanipulator which is a remote manipulator that allows

The Perspectives Of Albert Banduras Social Learning Theory

Albert Bandura leans towards the behaviourist learning theories when discussing the Social Learning Theory, he adds that learning occurs through observation and the observing of ‘models’, these can be parents, teachers, mentors or even characters on a TV show (McLeod, 2016). J L (2015) however, disagrees and views this learning theory as a bridge between behaviourist and cognitive learning due to its inclusion of motivation, memory and attention. This style of learning was depicted clearly through the 1961 Bobo doll experiment, here Bandura has models show violence to a portion of the 72 children selected, this aggression was replicated by the children, confirming the process of observational learning (Nolan, 2009). Ultimately this can be†¦show more content†¦Although, McLeod (2016) argues we all have differing needs and therefore all the steps won’t apply to us in the same way, what one person needs another wont. To enhance development and learning in students Benjamin Bloom developed the three learning domains or taxonomies, these being cognitive, affective and psychomotor (Quinonez, 2014). Cognitive lends itself to knowledge which will be attained by the student. Affective is associated with the handling of the student’s emotions, whereas Psychomotor relates to the co-ordination and development of physical movement and motor related skills (Clark, 2015). This can clearly be seen with our paramedic students, learning the theory of why we do something in university, the students emotional engagement in practice when observing and then the physical practicalities of performing skills on the road. The best way to create a clinical learning environment is by involving the student (Emanuel Pryce, 2013). Papp et el (2003) advocates the importance of making them engage as part of the team, but as the NHS is faced with staff shortages and an increased work load, students are often left isolated and feelingShow MoreRelatedThe Use of Banduras Social Learning Theory in Schools Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the central tenants of Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, which is also called Social Cognitive Theory, is that â€Å"aggression in children is influenced by the reinforcement of family members, the media, and the environment† (Bandura, 1975, pp. 206-208). Evans (1989) suggested that the basis for Bandura’s theories came from work completed by researchers Miller and Dollard (1941) who suggested that human development is actively influenced by â€Å"response consequences† (Evans, 1989, p. 4), butRead MoreJean Piaget And Albert Bandura946 Wor ds   |  4 PagesThe theorists being compared in this discussion question would be Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura and how their theories fit into the developmental process. Both are great contributors to the field of psychology due to their theories on cognitive development. There are some similarities and differences between Albert Bandura’s Social learning theories with Piaget’s cognitive theory in term of ideas and subjects that were used. Jean Piagets was one of the most recognized and influential developmentalRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Psychology1551 Words   |  7 PagesSocial psychology seeks to identify and understand how society (i.e. family, community, sub groups, and peers, etc.) influences thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of the individual. Within the realm of social psychology, two prominent theorists emerge, Albert Bandura and Bernard Weiner. Both theorists have made great impacts within their fields, determining and describing cause and effect of social influences on the individual’s behaviors, but more importantly, how external contributors manifest intoRead MoreEffective Social Learning Theories1164 Words   |  5 PagesEffective social learning theories do not just explain behaviors, they build bridges. Few experts believe that social or even biologically determined actions arise in isolation: they come about as a result of a variety of factors that may be located inside or outside of the su bject, but eventually they come together in combination. It is this recognition that has formed the basis (at least in retrospect) for the long-lasting impact of Banduras social learning or now social cognitive theory of behaviorRead MoreBandura s Social Learning Theory969 Words   |  4 Pagesthat make the most sense in the world. Something like the social learning theory was overlooked. But it has provided such great insight as to why we do certainly in our lives. Bandura’s theory has paved the way to many studies and has open our minds to the possibility that we affect each other in a way we would not imagine. I believe that this theory can shape a lot of people s lives. I agree with Albert Bandura’s social learning theory by modeling and in this paper, I will present an argumentRead MoreThe Social Control Theory And Social Learning Theory1713 Words   |  7 Pagesperception has come from, many have created theories about the topic while others have combined the ories to get a better insight. The reason behind this is to create a better understanding as to why people commit crimes. With all the theories that seem to be possible, two of them seem to be the most popular: social control theory and social learning theory. Although they have their similarities and differences, the social control theory and social learning theory bring a better understanding to the worldRead MoreBandura and Skinner1755 Words   |  8 Pagesand Contrast of Learning Theories: Albert Bandura and B.F. Skinner Introduction Two prominent researchers, B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura, have developed theories which provide differing perspectives and explanations regarding the learning behavior of individuals. The purpose of this writing is to explore the theoretical perspectives of Operant Conditioning Theory developed by B.F. Skinner and Social Learning Theory developed by Albert Bandura. An overview of both theories is presented,Read MoreAlbert Bandura Social Cognitive Theory3359 Words   |  14 PagesAlbert Bandura amp; Social Cognitive Theory Denise A. Vega Liberty University PSYC 341 July 1, 2012 Professor Timothy Bouman Abstract The contributions Albert Bandura made to the understanding of social learning have led to further investigation and new findings. Social Cognitive Theory is Bandura’s greatest contribution to social, cognitive, and abnormal psychology. It has led to a greater understanding of human behavior and how humans learn behavior in a social context. UltimatelyRead MoreSoical Cognitive Theory1023 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the major challenges to behaviorism came from studies on observational learning conducted by Albert Bandura and colleagues. (Schunk, 2012) In contrast to Skinner Bandura’s social cognitive theory states people learn new actions merely by observing others perform them. Observers did not have to perform the actions at the time of learning. (Schunk, 2012) For example new employees watching their employer demonstrate how to wrap a knife, and ship it. The employee necessarily would not have toRead MoreThe Theories of Bandura versus Erikson859 Words   |  3 Pages A person not only grows physically but also cognitively and socio-emotionally. This paper will explain two theories; one cognitive and one socio-emotional; about human development. The two theories will be described, compared, contrasted and individually evaluated based on the strong points and limitations. The first theory examined is Albert Bandura’s social cognitive/learning theory. A child does not automatically know how to interpret their environment, but they can learn about the world

Chapter 5 and 6 Apush Outline Free Essays

Chapter 5 * Thirteen original colonies is misleading because Britain ruled thirty-two colonies in North America by 1775 * Included Canada, the Floridas, and various Caribbean islands * Only thirteen unfurled the standard of rebellion A few of the nonrebels (Canada, Jamaica, etc) were larger, wealthier, or more populous than some of the revolting thirteen * Some British colonies had strike for their independence while others did not/; due to the distinctive social, economic, and political structures of the thirteen Atlantic seaboard colonies and also in the halting gradual appearance in the American way of life Conquest by the Cradle * Among distinguishing characteristics of rebellious settlements: lusty population growth * Colonists doubled their numbers every 25 years Europeans * Dr. Samuel Johnson â€Å"Multiplying like rattlesnakes† * Also were youthful average age was 16 * In 1775, the most populous colonies were Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Maryland. * Only four communities could be called cities: first Philadelphia (including suburbs), New York, Boston, Charleston * 90% of the people lived in rural areas A Mingling of the Races * Colonial America had been a melting pot since the outset: population was English in stock and language, but mottled with numerous foreign groups * Germans * 1775: about 6% of total population Fleeing religious persecution, economic oppression, and ravages of war * Mostly settled in Pennsylvania in the early 1700s * Added to religious diversity: belonged to different Protestant sects, primarily Lutheran * Erroneously known as the Pennsylvania Dutch and made up 1/3 of colony’s population * Moved into Penn’s backcountry * Their splendid stone barns give evidence of industry and prosper ity * Clung to their German culture and language * Scots-Irish * 7% of population in 1775 * Not Irish at all but turbulent Scots Lowlanders Had been transported over a period of time to Northern Ireland did not prosper * Irish Catholics hated Scottish Presbyterian and resented the intrusion * Economic life of Scots-Irish was hampered, especially when English government put burdensome restrictions on their production of woolens and linens * Early 1700s: tens of thousands of Scots- Irish came to America, mostly to tolerant and deep-soiled Pennsylvania * Best land was already taken by Germans and Quakers pushed out into the frontier * Illegally but defiantly squatted on unoccupied lands and quarreled with Indian and white owners * Superior frontiersmen with ready violence for Indians * Idea that they kept â€Å"Sabbath and all else they could get their hands on† * They hated British government (or apparently any other government) who had once uprooted and still lorded over them * Led the armed march of the Paxton Boys on Philadelphia, protesting the Quaker’s oligarchy’s lenient policy towards Indians * Also led Regulator movement in North Carolina against eastern domination of the colony’s affairs * Many of these hotheads (ex Andrew Jackson) eventually joined the American revolutionists * 5% of multicolored colonial population included French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swish, and Scots Highlanders felt little loyalty to British crown * Largest non-English group Africans Thirteen colonies had most mixed population * South: 90% of slaves * New England: Puritans least ethnic diversity * Middle Colonies (especially Penn’s Woods): received most of later white immigrants and had astonishing variety * This variety laid the foundations for the diverse multicultural American identity * Whites mixed with other whites, as were Africans from slave trade African Americans * Polyglot Native American communities emerged blur red tribal identity boundaries The Structure of Colonial Society * Contrasted to Europe—American was a land of equality and opportunity except for the slaves * No titled nobility or pauperized underclass Most white Americans and some free blacks were small farmers * Cities: small class of skilled artisans, shopkeepers, tradespeople, and unskilled causal laborers * Most astonishing: could go from rags to riches for an ambitious colonist, rare in England * Contrast with 17th century America: colonial society on the eve of Revolution began to show signs of stratification/ barriers to mobility raised worries about â€Å"Europeanization† of America * Gods of war contributed to these developments * Armed conflicts of the 1690s and early 1700s enriched a number of merchant princes in the New England and middle colonies laid foundations of their fortunes with profits made as military suppliers made money imported fancy clothes and ate with English china, etc * Prominent people came to be seated in churches/ schools according to rank * War plague created class of widows and orphans became dependent on charity * Philadelphia and NY built almshouses However, still smaller number of poor in America than England (1/3 of population in E) * In New England countryside descendent of original settlers faced more problems than descendents supply of unclaimed soil grew smaller and families larger existing landholdings were repeatedly subdivided * Average farm size drastically shrank and younger kids were forced to work as wage laborers or seek virgin tracts of land beyond Alleghenies * South: power of great planters were bolstered by disproportionate ownership of slaves * Riches created by growing slave population in 18th century were not evenly distributed among whites- wealth was concentrated in largest slave owners widened gap between rich and poor whites who would portably become tenant farmers * In all the colonies the ranks of the lower classes were further sw elled by the continuing stream of indentured servants, many of whom were eventually very successful * Many paupers and convicts were deported to the Americas, many because of the strict penal code in England with over 200 capital crimes—not fans of king * Lowest: blacks they could not even dream of climbing the social ladder * People eared black rebellion SC legislature even tried to restrict/ halt their importation * To reserve cheap labor, especially in sugar of West Indies, British authorities vetoed these attempts colonists thought this veto was callous even though NE slave traders also very much benefited from this * Cruel complexity of issue (think Thomas Jefferson) Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists * Christian ministry was most honored profession * Most physicians were poorly trained and not highly esteemed * The first medical school came in 1765 * Epidemics were a constant nightmare, especially smallpox a crude form of inoculation was introduced in 1721 despite objecti ons by many physicians and clergy * Powdered dried toad was a favorite prescription for smallpox. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 5 and 6 Apush Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diphtheria was also a killer, especially of young people. Grim reminder of one epidemic and the taking of their morality may have helped to prepare colonists in their hearts and minds for the religious revival that was soon to sweep them up * At first the law profession was not favorably regarded lawyers were regarded as noisy or troublemakers, drunkards or brothel owners; sometimes parties defended themselves in court Workaday America * Agriculture was the leading industryinvolved about 90% of the people * Tobacco continued to be staple crop for Maryland and VA (wheat also spread through Chesapeake in tobacco ruined soil regions) * Fertile middle (bread) colonies with lots of grain NY was exporting a lot of flour a year†¦ A LOT * This was really good, and America was overall the higher of standards of living lived by the majority of others in history up to that time * Fishing, though below agriculture, was rewarding and pursued in all American colonies but major industry in Ne w England stimulated shipbuilding and served as a nursery for the seamen * Bustling commerce, coastwise and overseas enriched all the colonies especially New England, NY, and Pennsylvania * Commercial ventures and land speculation replaced any get-rich-quick schemes and became the surest avenues to speedy wealth * Yankee seamen were famous not only as skilled mariners but also as ightfisted traders * Triangular trade was infamously profitable but small in relation to total colonial commerce * Manufacturing in the colonies was only secondary importance but included rum, beaver hats, iron, household manufacturing (spinning and weaving) * Strong-back laborers and skilled craftspeople were scarce and highly prized * Lumbering was the most important single manufacturing activity first chiefly in New England, but then spread elsewhere in the colonies * Colonial naval stores (tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine) were highly valued because British wanted to fain and retain a mastery of the seas * London offered generous bounties to stimulate production of these items * Towering trees were needed for royal masts there were restriction placed on them this shackle on free enterprise caused considerable bitterness * By the 18th century Americans held an important flank of the thriving Atlantic economy, but strains appeared in this network as early as the 1730s * Fast breeding Americans demanded more and more British products-yet the slow growing British population early reached the saturation point for absorbing imports from America * This trade imbalance prompted the Americans to sell their goods to foreign, non-British markets to get money to pay for British products * By the eve of the Revolution, the bulk of Chesapeake tobacco was in France and other European countries, btw it passed through British re-exporters * Most important was trade with West Indies, especially in French islands West Indian purchases of North American timber and foodstuffs provided cash for colonists to purchase British goods * Due to pressure from British West Indian planters, Parliament passed the Molasses Act: aim was to stop trade with French West Indies * American merchants respond by bribing, smuggling, etc Americans revolting, not submitting Horsepower and Sailpower All large but sparsely populated pioneer communities were cursed with oppressive problems of transportation, including America with its scarceness of money and worker * Snot until 1700s did roads connect major cities, but they were still deficient * Roads were poor (dust in summer and mud in winter) and stagecoach travelers faced problems like rickety bridges and runaway horses * Bad roads heavy reliance on waterways populations clustered along banks or rivers slow and undependable but cheap and pleasant * Taverns sprang up along routes of travel as well as in cities all social classes mingled tavern was another cradle of democracy * Also important in crystallizing public opinion and hotbeds of agitation as Re volution continued * An intercolonial postal system was established by the mid-1700s Dominant Denominations Two â€Å"establish†- tax supported- churches in 1775: Anglican and Congregational * However, large part of population did not worship in any church, even in colonies that maintained established religion minority belonged to the churches * Church of England (Anglican) was official faith in Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and part of NY served as major prop of kingly authority * However, it clung to a faith that was less fierce and more worldly than religion of Puritanical New England shorter sermons, less scorned amusements, etc * The College of William and Mary was founded in 1693 to train a better class of clerics for the Anglican Church * Congregational Church had grown out of Puritan Church and was influential formally established in all New England colonies except independent-minded Rhode Island * Presbyterianism, close to Congregational, was never made official in any of the colonies * These two combined with rebellion during early rumblings against British crown * Anglican clergy supported king but were handicapped by not having a resident bishop, whose presence would have been convenient for the ordination of young ministers people had to travel to England to be ordained and many non- Anglicans opposed the idea of creating an American bishopric because it would tighten royal reins * Religious toleration  had made tremendous strides in America. There were fewer Catholics in America; hence anti-Catholic laws were less severe and less strictly enforced. In general, people could worship or not worship as they pleased. The Great Awakening * In all colonial churches, religion was less fervid in early 18th century than century before, when colonies were first planted * Puritan churches especially sagged under two burdens: elaborate theological doctrines and their compromising efforts to liberalize membership requirements * Liberal i deas began to challenge old time religion Puritan predestination was questioned a lot, especially bit Arminians, who preached that free will determined eternal fate, not divine decree a few churches grudgingly said that spiritual conversion was not necessary for church membership (they had felt pressured) * These twin trends toward clerical intellectualism and lay liberalism sucked spiritual vitality from many denominations set stage for rousing religious revival, the Great Awakening * Great Awakening: first started in Northampton, Massachusetts by Jonathon Edwards, an intellectual pastor he proclaimed that through faith in God,  not  through doing good works, could one attain eternal salvation. He had an alive-style of preaching â€Å"Sinners in Hands of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  * George Whitefield  gave America a different kind of evangelical type of preaching (had an incredible voice) * His message even had Edwards to tears and Franklin to empty pockets countless sinners expressed conversion * The  old lights, orthodox clergymen, were skeptical of the new ways (emotional and theatrical) of preaching * New light ministers defended the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion * Congregationalists and Presbyterians were split over this issue * Many believers in the religious conversion went to the Baptists and other sects more prepared for emotion in religion * Awakening had many lasting effects had an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality and seriously undermined the older clergy, whose authority had been derived from their education and erudition * The schisms it set off in many denominations greatly increased the numbers and competitiveness of American church es encouraged a wave of missionary work among Indians and even black slaves, many of whom also attended the mass open-air revival led to founding of â€Å"new light† centers of higher learning (Princeton, Dartmouth, Rutgers, Brown) * Most significant: Great Awakening was the first spontaneous mass movement of the American people broke down sectional boundaries/ denominational liens; contributed to growing sense that Americans were a single people, united by common history and shared experience Schools and Colleges * English idea was that education was a blessing reserved for the aristocratic few, not for unwashed many, leadership not citizenship, males only * Colonists slowly and painfully broke out of these ancient restrictions * Puritan New England was more interested in education than any other section. Dominated by the Congregational Church, it stressed the need for Bible reading by the individual worshiper * Primary goal of clergy good Christians, not good citizens * Education for boys flourished almost from the outset in News England * This densely populated region had impressive number of graduates from English universities, especially Cambridge, the intellectual center of England’s Puritanism * New England also established primary and secondary schools * Adequate elementary schools also put information in the reluctant â€Å"scholars† of middle and southern colonies (some tax supported and others privately operated) * South: mostly wealthy families with private tutors General atmosphere of colonial schools and colleges were grim and gloomy most emphasis was placed on religion and classical language of Latin and Greek, not experiments, reason, or independent thinking * There was severe discipline, even for children, and even indentured-servant teachers could be whi pped for failures as workers * College education was regarded (at least in new England) extremely important because Churches would wither if new crops of ministers were not trained to lead spiritual flocks * Many wealthy families, especially in South, sent their boys abroad to British institutions * For convenience and economy, 9 local colleges were established during the colonial era small student enrollments (200 boys at most), poor education, curriculum filled with theology and dead languages * By 1750: distinct trend towards more modern subjects * Significant contribution made by Ben Franklin, who played a major role in the launching of UPenn, the first American college free from denominational control A Provincial Culture Colonial Americans were still in thrall to European tastes, especially British * The simplicity of pioneering life had not yet bred many patrons of arts * John Trumbull: aspiring painter of Connecticut who was discouraged by his father’s remark that Con necticut was not Athens; Trumbull, like most others, was forced to travel to London to pursue his ambitions * Charles Wilson Peale (GW portraits), Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley became famous painters but also had to go to England to complete their training only aboard could they find subjects who had leisure to sit for their portraits and had the money to handsomely pay * These people were Loyalists and were buried in London (sometimes) * Architecture was imported from old World and modified for peculiar climatic and religious conditions of the New World * Log cabin Sweden The red-bricked Georgian style was introduced in 1720 Williamsburg, Virginia * Colonial literature was generally undistinguished, like art, for many of the same reasons * Phyllis Wheatley: black poet, taken from slave to England, poetry book similar to Pope * BFrank: autobiography, but mostly Poor Richard’s Almanac- shaped America; only book that beat it was the Bible * Science was also making progre ss: not as many superstitions * BFrank: only first rank scientist produced in the American colonies * Spectacular but dangerous experiments: kite proved lightning was a form of electricity * Bifocals, Franklin stove, lighting rod condemned by some clergymen â€Å"presuming God† Pioneer Presses Americans were generally too poor to buy books and too busy to read them * There were some private libraries, especially with Byrd family and the clergy * BFrank established the first privately supported circulating library in America in Philadelphia * By 1776 there were about 50 public libraries and collections supported by subscription * Hand operated printing presses: brought out pamphlets, journals, leaflets, etc * 40 colonial newspapers by the time of the Revolution * They were mostly made of somber essays with news that was delayed to be printed but colonists were extremely interested to hear about * Newspapers were powerful source of airing colonial grievances and rallying opposi tion to British control * A celebrated legal case in 1734-1735 involved  John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer. He was charged with printing things that assailed the corrupt royal governor of New York (libel). Despite the ambitions of the royal chief justice, the jury voted him not guilty to the surprise of the judge and many people. This paved the way for freedom of the press. The Great Game of Politics * The thirteen colonial governments took a variety of forms * Eight had royal governors appointed by the king * Three- Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware- were under proprietors who themselves chose the governors * Two- Connecticut and Rhode Island- elected their own governors under self-governing characters * Nearly every colony used a two house legislative body. The upper house, or council, was appointed by the crown in the royal colonies and the proprietor in the proprietary colonies. It was chosen by voters in the self-governing colonies * The lower house, as the popular branch, was elected by the people- those who owned enough property to be qualified as voters * Backcountry was underrepresented and they hated the colonial cliques almost as much as kingly authority * Legislatress (direct representation): voted such taxes as they deemed necessary for the expenses of the colonial government * This self-taxation through representation was a precious privilege Americans prized above all else * Governors appointed by king were generally bale men, sometimes outstanding figures, but some were incompetent/ corrupt and just badly in need of jobs * Worst of this group was impoverished Lord Cornbury: made governor of New York and New Jersey in 1702. He was a drunkard, a spendthrift, and a bad person. Even the best appointees had troubles with colonial legislatures because the royal governor embodied a bothersome transatlantic authority 3000 miles away * Ways colonial assem blies asserted their authority and independence: employed the trick of withholding governor’s salary until he yielded to their wishes (since he was normally in need of money) * The London government was guilty of poor administration (left colonial governor to the mercy of the legislature) * They sh0oudl have arranged for his independent pay instead of from these bickering sources bickering is persistent spirit of revolt * Local level administration also varied * County government remained the rule in South New England: town meeting government predominated- direct democracy because of open discussion/ open voting * Religious/ property qualifications required for voting/ even stiffer qualifications for office holding * Privileged upper-class wouldn’t grant right to everyone * ? adult white males, but gaining the property wasn’t that hard so there were a lot of opportunities to become voters * Not many eligible actually voted left it up to their â€Å"better† leaders (actually corrupt losers) * Middle colonies: modification of the two * 1775: not yet a true democracy, but much more democratic than anything in Europe/ Britain * There some democratic ideas planted seeds for later years Colonial Folkways Life in colonies was drab and tedious (labor was heavy and constant) * Americans had most bountiful diet, food was plentiful, but coarse and monotonous diet * Americans had/ ate more meat than anyone in the Old World * Obviously they didn’t have heat in Churches, poorly heated homes with inefficient fireplaces, no running water, plumbing or bathtubs, not much garbage disposal * Candles/ whale-oil lamps used for illumination * Amusement * Pursued when time/ custom permitted * Militia periodically assembled for musters (with lots of flirting and enjoyment involved) * Several days of drilling- musters * North: winter sports * South: cards. Horse racing, cockfighting, and fox hunts * Non-puritanical south: dancing * GW could ride well and dance well * Lotteries were approved even by clergy * Stage plays- popular for south but frowned upon by Quakers/ Puritans * New England clergy saw plays as immoral; they preferred religious lectures * Holidays * Celebrated everywhere in the American colonies New England: frowned upon Christmas * Thanksgiving- widespread giving thanks to God * By mid-18th century, Britain’s several North American colonies revealed some striking similarities * Basically English in language and custom, Protestant in religion * Other people and faiths colonies gave some degree of ethic/ religious toleration * Lots of opportunities for social mobility * All possessed some measure of self-government (but not complete democracy) * Improving communication and transportation * Self- rule was most important similarity * All separated by entire ocean from Britain led to struggle to unite for independence Chapter 6 As the 17th was ending, contest began for mastery of North American continent involvi ng 3 Old Worlds (Britain, France, and Spain) and involved Native Americans as well * 1688- 1763: 4 bitter wars in Europe (world wars) * Fought for control in Europe and New World and fought in both places * Americans could not stay out of it good thing because one of the wars (Seven Years’ War aka French and Indian War by America) set the stage for America’s independence France Finds a Foothold in Canada * Like England and Holland, France was a latecomer in New World real estate, basically for same reasons: had foreign wars in 1500s and domestic strife (clashes between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots) * St. Bartholomew’s Day: lots of people killed * In 1598, the  Edict of Nantes  was issued by the crown of France. It granted limited religious freedom to French Protestants, and stopped religious wars between the Protestants and Catholics new century France became mightiest and most feared in Europe, led by brilliant leaders and vainglorious King Louis XIV * Reigned for less than 2 years surrounded by glittering court and mistresses * Also took deep interest in colonies * In  1608, France established  Quebec (by St. Lawrence River). The leading figure was  Samuel de Champlain,  an intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title â€Å"Father of New France†. * Champlain entered into friendly relations with the nearby Huron Indians and joined them in battles against their foes (Iroquois of upper NY area) * Two fights with them and Iroquois were dead scared France earned permanent enmity with Iroquois * Stopped French from getting into Ohio Valley Ravaged French settlements/ served as British allies * The government of New France (Canada) was under direc t control of the king after muchos companies had failed royal almost completely autocratic regime  did not elect any representative assemblies or have right to trial by jury like those in English colonies * Population in Catholic New France grew lethargically (Landowning French peasants didn’t want to move and Protestant Huguenots could not for religious reasons) * French government preferred Caribbean islands (sugar and rum) over cold wintery Canada New France Sets Out * New France’s one valuable resource: beaver fashion hats (warm and opulent) * French fur trappers: couriers de bois (runners of the woods) who ranged over woods/ waterways of North America for beaver * Also runners of risks * Two-fisted drinkers, free spenders, free livers and lovers * Named a lot (Baton Rouge, Des Moines, etc) * French voyageurs recruited Indians into fur business * Fur trade had drawbacks Indians recruited got the white diseases and hated their alcohol * Slaughtering mass beavers v iolated some NA religious beliefs and destroyed some Indians’ way of life * French and Indian trappers traveled amazing distances almost extinguished beaver population, causing bad ecological damage * French Catholic missionaries, especially Jesuits, labored with much enthusiasm to convert the Indians to Christianity and to save them from the fur trappers * Some were killed by Indians for doing so * Some made converts, but also had vital roles as explorers and geographers * Others sought not souls nor fur but empire * Antoine Cadillac- founded Detroit in  1701  to thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley * Robert de La Salle- explored the Mississippi and Gulf basin, naming it Louisiana in honor of king; done to check Spanish penetration into the gulf * Dreamed of empire and brought colonizing ships, but ended up killed by mutiny * In order to ontinue their efforts to block the Spanish on the Gulf of Mexico, the French planted several fortified posts in Mississ ippi and Louisiana; most important-  New Orleans  in  1718. * This outpost also rapped fur trade * Fertile Illinois had French forts established there and became France’s garden empire of North America because much grain was produced there The Clash of Empires * The earliest battles among European power for control of North America, known to British colonists as  King William’s War (1689-1697)  and  Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713), pitted British colonists against the French couriers de bois with both sides recruiting any possible Indian allies. Primitive guerilla warfare: neither side thought America was so important to need a large detachments of troops * Most of the battles were between the British colonists, the French, and the French ally Spain. * Spain probed from its Florida base at SC settlements, and French Indian allies ravaged British colonial frontiers * British: failed with Quebec and Montreal but victories when temporarily seized Port Roya l in Acadia (present day Nova Scotia) * The wars ended in  1713  with peace terms signed at  Utrecht proved how badly beaten; France and Spain were terribly beaten and Britain received French-populated Acadia and Newfoundland and Hudson Bay. The British also won limited trading rights in Spanish America later involved friction over smuggling War of Jenkins’ Ear broke out between British and Spanish in Caribbean Sea and Georgia with James Oglethorpe fought against Spanish foe to a standstill * This small scuffle merged with big War of Austrian Succession in Europe (King George’s War) * France allied with Spain * New Englanders invaded New France with British fleet and luck * The War of Jenkins’s Ear started in  1739  between the British and Spaniards. This small battle became a war and became known as  King George’s War in America. It ended in  1748  with a treaty that handed Louisbourg back to France, enraging the victorious New Englanders , and France still clung to vast holdings in North America How to cite Chapter 5 and 6 Apush Outline, Essay examples

Corporate Governance Mobile Industry

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance for Mobile Industry. Answer: Introduction: Mobile industry is growing rapidly in the wider industry for communication. Initially, mobile industry was engaged only in mobile phone and mobile accessories manufacturing. However, the mobile industry is growing rapidly with regard to technology and it is the fastest growing industry in the world, moving forward with innovations, technologies. It is not only the technology that has changed, but the design of mobiles also changed significantly with regard to its shape, weight and size. Mobile phone has become more comfortable and sleeker. The regulatory duty for mobile phones lies with Federal Communication Commission (FCC), in U.S. Despite of having various advantages of Mobile phones, one of the major disadvantages of mobile is the exposure of mobile communication could affect the health of people. Background: T-Mobile USA is countrywide provider of data services, wireless voice and messaging and has the capability of reaching more than 308 million Americans, where they work, play and live.. T-Mobile US is having their headquarters in Bellevue, Washington and they offer services through its subsidiaries and functions through its flagship brands Metro PCS and T-Mobile and also play the role of host network for various mobile operators. At present, 50000 employees are working under them and Deutsche Telecom from German telecommunications are their major shareholder. T-Mobile is 3rd largest wireless network service provider in United States (Chow and Joul, T-Mobile USA, Inc. 2013). Last year, ATT Inc. planned to buy the US branch of this struggling wireless service provider from Deutsche Telecom, T-Mobiles parent company. However, in December, ATT had to cancel their plan as the department of justice sued to block the acquisition and the reason he explained that the deal will reduce the competition in the industry. 4-G services of T-Mobile in US lags far behind compared to other three-service provider. They also voted as one of the awful among wireless network, as per the annual poll of MSN/Zogby (Daley 2014). Though T-Mobile is planning to improve their services, the real fact is that the improvements may be too late and too little. They had an extraordinary loss of 1558000 users in 1st nine months of the year, out of total 33 million it had towards the end of 2011. However, during that period, Verizon Wireless and ATT continued to increase their customers (Chow and Joul, T-Mobile USA, Inc. 2013) Business strategy: They generate earnings by offering cheap services of wireless communication to their wholesale, prepaid and post-paid customers and selling wide variety of wireless accessories and devices. Most of their expenditure are related to getting new customers and retaining them through providing compensating employees, providing various devices, expanding and operating their network. They provide accessories and devices through their flagship brand Metro PCS and T-mobile (Besen et al. 2013). Customer: Wireless communication services offered by T-Mobile to three major classes of consumers are namely branded prepaid, branded post-paid and wholesale. Users who generally pay after using the services are branded post-paid customers. Branded prepaid customers normally pay in advance and wholesale customers include virtual mobile network operators and machine-to-machine operators. They earn major portion of their earnings from branded post-paid customers amounting to 66%, from branded prepaid customers 30% and 4% from roaming, wholesale customers and other services, in 2015. Therefore, acquiring and retaining branded post-paid customers is most important to their business (Caldwell et al. 2016). Risk related to wireless industry and their business: The scarcity and cost of new wireless spectrum, tough regulations regarding the use of spectrum are adversely affecting their financial planning and business strategy. They need to acquire more spectrum to continue maintain growth of customers, enlarge their business to new cities, maintain better quality of service, meet increasing number of customers demand and employ new and improved technologies. They will have to face competitive disadvantages and experience erosion in service quality in various markets, if they fail to get access to required spectrum (Raina 2015). Although FCC has planned an auction programme but there is chances that the programme will be delayed. Any delay can adversely affect their ability to execute their efforts and plan to improve network. Their financial condition and reputation materially get adversely affected if there is an incident related to business disruptions, system failures and unauthorized access to their network takes place (Yami and Nemeh 2014). To maintain their sustainable growth, they must provide their consumers with trustworthy, reliable services and protect the locations, communications and personal information generated or shared by their consumers. Failure of network, infrastructure and system may create barrier in providing consistent services or may allow hackers to have unauthorised access to their system. Such risks include Errors made by human being like responding to unreliable communications, or implementing malicious code unintentionally Delays or failures by suppliers Theft of proprietary or consumers confidential data offered for sale for corporate extortion or competitive advantages. Physical damage, outages, power surges, equipment failures including those as a outcome of natural disasters, severe weather, acts of war and attacks by terrorists. Any other outages or system failures (Simons-Morton et al. 2014). The agreement managing their indebtedness applies various financial and operating restrictions on them. These restrictions includes the following Generating liens on their assets Bearing additional indebtedness and issuance of preferred stock Engaging in acquisitions, mergers, amalgamations and other transactions Entering into agreements with affiliates Developing assets, licenses and properties which they have or may procure in future Imposing restrictions on subsidiarys ability to make any payments or pay dividends (Gao et al. 2013). Legal proceeding: hey have to involve in legal proceedings frequently before various federal agencies, local and state regulatory agencies. These legal proceedings may be costly, complex, time consuming and highly disturbing to the business operations by diverting the energies and attention of management. The evaluation of the result of legal proceeding, involving their potential liability paid or received for settlement final order, judgement or decree may fluctuate as compared to the accrued amount of financial report. Possible outcomes involving awards, settlements, order and judgements may have substantial adverse effect on financial condition, business, operating results and compatibility to do business (Xu et al. 2015). Criticism against T-Mobile: Their services has been criticised due to non-performance of video optimization to the promised 1.5 Mbps bandwidth speed. If the provider of video can scale and detect the quality of stream to match with cap, the service works, otherwise it creates buffering and stuttering mess (Nwogugu 2015). Another problem people had to face with T-Mobile was with T-Mobile Binge On, which led to the problem that customers were opted for the service by-default and the service applied for all the video suppliers and not only for the providers who signed agreement with T-Mobile (Hildner et al. 2013). Controls and procedures: They maintain procedures and disclosure control to assure that the required information for disclosure of periodic statements submitted or filed under Exchange Act is processed, recorded, reported or summarized within the permitted time in the SECs forms and rules. Their disclosure controls are designed in such a way that it can assure that required information for disclosure under Exchange Act is collected and communicated to their principal financial officer, principal executive officer and management, to allow decisions in appropriate time related to required disclosures. (Falk et al. 2016). Executive Officers, Directors and Corporate Governance: They maintain a code of ethics for their Chief Accounting Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Executive Officer, controller and treasurer, which is a Code of Ethics for Senior Officers in Finance as explained by implemented rule of SEC. This code is available for public in their website. If they amend this code other than administrative, technical or other non-substantive change or grant any waiver, they will reveal the type of waiver or amendment, its date of coming into effect and the category of consumer or investor to whom it is applicable in their periodic report or on their website (Brown 2015) Organization Governance: Purpose: The board of director of T-Mobile US, Inc has generated the guidelines for organizations governance to assist them to execute their responsibilities towards the organization and their stakeholders. The guidelines are applicable in a consistent manner with all applicable rules and laws of stock market and the companys amended byelaws are effected on time-to-time basis. These guidelines are aimed to provide as flexible structure for conducting business and not as legally binding set of regulations. The board may amend or make any modifications to the guidelines in its judgement and with regard to their responsibilities and duties to the shareholders and company (Campbell et al. 2014). Role of the board: The board reviews the activities of management and suggests on strategic and long term issues, with a view to improve the long term worth of the organization to their shareholders. It is the managements responsibility to control the financial condition and operation with regard to the boards ultimate control and oversight. Among their major activities, the board approves reviews, oversees the execution of the organizations capital, major business, strategy, financial objectives, and plan, and oversees the operation of organizations business by management. The board is answerable to the shareholders, but identifies that shareholders long term interest are proceeded by addressing responsibly the issues of other shareholders, involving consumers, employees, suppliers, public and government. The board has the option to do its task directly or can pass on to its committee. However, the task, which is cannot be delegated as per the bylaws, charter or any other applicable law, the board cannot pass it on to committee. While taking any action, the board must be aware that judgement on business has been applied properly and the action has been taken with regard to best interest of the organization (Garg, Dua and Chandra 2013). Board selection and composition: Independence: The board shall include minimum three directors (all members from audit committee), who meet the independence standards for directors, which are included in the NASDAQ Stock Markets listing standard or any other applicable listing requirement of company on timely basis. At times when the company does not meet the criteria of controlled company, under the NASDAQ requirement, the board should consist of majority of such directors who meet required standards of independence. As per the agreement between the Charter and the Stockholder, dated 30th April, 2013 between Deutsche Telekom AG and the company, if the board require one or more member to be independent to meet the qualification requirement, it can take from other committee. The board shall make an confirmatory declaration annually about the independence of all the directors. Every director has an confirmatory obligation to inform the board about any material changes regarding his independency (Tricker 2015). Qualification: a director should have professional and personal integrity, should have excellent moral character, and have good judgement about business, required skills and experience. They should be able to devote sufficient energy and time to perform their duties diligently. Any director should not be director of any rivalry company or any company holding the authorization of Federal Communications Commission that requires the divestment of authorization. Size of the board: With regard to the terms of Stockholder and Charter agreement, the board shall decide on appropriate size of the boards, within the prescribed limit of Bylaws and Charter (Kadiyala and Bergman 2015). Selection process: With regard to the terms of the agreement between Stockholder and Charter, the nominating committee and corporate governance is liable for recommending, evaluating and identifying the potential nominees for director, who are eligible to be appointed as director, to the board for approval, when vacancy arises for director. The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee judge candidates recommended by Committee members, management, other directors and stockholders. With respect to the terms of the agreement between Charter and the Stockholder, the Committee also judges candidates for re-election, if the candidate has agreed to stand for re-election. After the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee have completed its assessment, it presents its suggestion to the full Board for its approval and consideration, subject to the Agreement of the Stockholder and Charter (Linkola, Caldwell and Hassan, T-Mobile USA, Inc., 2016). Circumstances Requiring Tender of Resignation: If a director retires from or changes, his/her primary occupation outside, permanently or becomes conscious of situation that may adversely affect the director of the Company or may create a potential difference of interest with the Company, such director should inform the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee of such situation. The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee will reconsider the continued correctness of service under the situation. It includes a revaluation of the capability of such director to give independent opinion to the Company and to fully meet the tasks of a director, and in certain cases may consider requesting that the director to give in his or her resignation from the Board (Annamalai and Jin, T-Mobile USA, Inc. 2013). Service on Other Boards: The Company supports directors to play the role of directors of other companies so that the Company can gain from the knowledge, perspective and experience of best practices gathered from such other positions. Despite of the foregoing, directors shall limit the number of other company boards on which he or she serves so that he or she is able to devote enough time to his or her duties in Company, including attending and preparing for meetings. In addition, no member of the Audit Committee of the Board may serve for more than three committees of audit of public companies (including the Audit Committee of the Company) at the same time. Directors shall recommend the Board Chairman and the Nominating and Governance Committee Chairman, before accepting an invitation to serve the board of another public company. Directors should avoid service on boards and/or committees of other organizations that raise or create, or raise the emergence of interest conflicts Terms of directors: Directors are selected by vote annually for the term of one year. The board also appoint one Chairman for the board, who should be an independent director. Compensation: Non-employee directors of the company are entitled to sensible and reasonable compensation in compliance to the approval of board. They are also entitled to (i) reasonable expenses and cost reimbursement incurred in attending board meeting, (ii) benefits of indemnification agreements and applicable law, (iii) benefits of officers and directors reasonable liability insurance (Nwogugu 2015). Recommendations: From the above discussions, the following recommendations can be offered to T-Mobile to keep their consumer happy Sharing of family data: they have not come up yet with a data plan that is modelled as sharing data among family members. They should introduce one such plan. Notification to prime consumers before any action: Consumers should be notified before any change in data plan and their consent must be taken before any change Elimination of up gradation fee: Presently they charges $18 to upgrade phone, which seems mysterious to consumers. They should eliminate this to make consumer happy. Up gradation bonus for loyal customers: It would be great, if T-mobile offer free up gradation of phones to their long time customers and based upon this may extend the contract period of existing customers (DeMaria, Magee and Sullivan 2015). References: Annamalai, M. and Jin, Z., T-Mobile Usa, Inc., 2013.System and method for determining device location in an IP-based wireless telecommunications network. U.S. Patent 8,364,746. Besen, S.M., Kletter, S.D., Moresi, S.X., Salop, S.C. and Woodbury, J.R., 2013. An Economic Analysis of the ATT-T-Mobile USA Wireless Merger.Journal of Competition Law and Economics,9(1), pp.23-47. 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How mobile payment influences the overall store price image.Journal of Business Research,69(7), pp.2417-2423. Gao, T.T., Rohm, A.J., Sultan, F. and Pagani, M., 2013. Consumers un-tethered: A three-market empirical study of consumers' mobile marketing acceptan Garg, P.K., Dua, T.R. and Chandra, A., 2013. Spectrum Challenges for Modern Mobile Services.Journal of ICT Standardization,1(2), pp.137-158. Hildner, S.T., Shanley, T.P., Emara, S., Klonoski, N., McKay, R.A., Lukin, J., Krussel, T. and Neuner, P., Oceans' Edge, Inc., 2013.Mobile device monitoring and control system. U.S. Patent 8,373,538. Kadiyala, P. and Bergman, M., 2015. The Reverse Merger Between T-Mobile and MetroPCS.Journal of Case Studies,33(2), pp.139-149. Linkola, J.P., Caldwell, C.E. and Hassan, O., T-Mobile Usa, Inc., 2016.System and method for selectively provisioning telecommunications services between an access point and a telecommunications network using a subscriber identifier. U.S. Patent 9,363,740. 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