Tissue Engineering in Replace of Organ Donation - 1353 Words

Organ donation provided a new therapeutic path when new drugs and devices failed to reduce the mortality and morbidity rate of patients with such illnesses as cardiovascular diseases. By replacing damaged organs or tissue with a functioning substitute, organ transplantation offers an immediate cure. Unfortunately, this â€Å"cure† is never guaranteed because of the high risk of graft rejection and that’s if a suitable donor can be found. Thus, tissue engineering has been the projected new treatment for these problems. Tissue engineering replaces the diseased or damaged tissue or organs with biofabricated counterparts made using the specifications dictated by the features of the specific tissue or organ. Tissue engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary field that uses principles from engineering, biology and chemistry in an effort towards tissue regeneration. The main draw of tissue engineering is the regeneration of a patient’s own tissues and organs free from low biofunctionality and poor biocompatibility and serious immune rejection. As medical care continues to improve and life expectancy continues to grow, organ shortages become more problematic.(Manufacturing living things) According to organdonor.gov, a patient is added to the waiting list every 10 minutes and an average of 18 people die everyday waiting for an organ donation. The â€Å"nirvana† of tissue engineering is to replace the need for organ donation altogether. This could be achieved using scaffolding fromShow MoreRelatedThe Field Of Bioartificial Organs1565 Words   |  7 Pagesyears. In this respect, experimentation in the field of bioartificial organs is particularly extraordinary, because it has the potential to kick off a new age in the medical field and science as a whole. However, the research and use of bioartificial organs, specifically the stem cells involved, often stir up controversy. Although the possibilities stem cells bring about are very profitable to the medical field and bioartificial organs, the ethics involved in harvesting the embryos cause debate. WhatRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Xenotransplantation: Organ Donations1073 Words   |  5 Pagesknow many of the people who need organ donations need them because of new and old health issues. The worldwide demand for organs far surpasses the supply. A study done by the United Network for Organ Sharing in 2004 found that over one hundred thousand patients could have benefited from an organ transplant but only twenty-nine thousand were available. In the United States alone seventeen patients die each and every day while on the waiting list to receive a donor organ. Scientists have been trying toRead MoreHow Scientists Can Most Efficiently Complete Organ Printing Essay2428 Words   |  10 Pagescomplete organ printing. In this lab, the cells will be suspended in a substrate called sodium alginate-collagen, hy drogel, and other reactants. These materials will react to then embed the cells to their goal location. Then, the cells will be able to be fixated into layers. These layers will then come together and form tissues, which according to biological organization will form organs. The inkjet bioprinter allows for this to occur. Tiny ink droplets form a digital design for the organ printingRead MoreThe Potential of Transgenic Organism889 Words   |  4 PagesA Transgenic Organism is an organism that’s genetic material has been transformed using a technique called genetic engineering. This modification contains the mutation, insertion, or deletion of genes. When there is an insertion of genes, they are most commonly from a different species, this is known as horizontal gene transfer. Another way genes can be transferred is in nature, when exogenous DNA (DNA originating outside an organism that has been introduced into the organism) gets through the organismsRead MoreCloning Is The N ew Black2527 Words   |  11 Pagesin research, scientists can possibly create cures for several diseases and create stand in tissues developed from a subject’s body cells (Follow-up). Stem cells are known for their wide variety of uses. Because of this characteristic, scientists can do almost anything with them making them beneficial to medical research. Eventually, scientists hope to manipulate cells into a wide variety of organs and tissues to help treat people with an assortment of illnesses. Once researchers can understand whatRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Field Of Science And Medicine2460 Words   |  10 Pagesdevelopments hinder those values and morals. The field of Bioethics is searching for the line that shouldn’t be crossed by scientific researchers and medical doctors. It also deals with commonly debated issues such as the use of stem cells and genetic engineering practices like cloning. The advancement of technology in the field of science and medicine has a llowed scientists to carry out new procedures like the ones listed above, rather than wonder if they are even possible. But scientific progress doesn’tRead Morekjklk2364 Words   |  10 Pagesoften lack the experience and training—and sometimes the sensitivity—needed to avoid unnecessary animal suffering. The areas of xenotransplantation (transplanting cells, tissues, or organs from one species into another species) and genetic engineering also create a great deal of suffering and death for animals. Genetic engineering consumes and destroys untold volumes of animals in attempts to create animals with specific traits. Nonhuman primates, cats, dogs, mice, rats, and others have all been subjectedRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cells2828 Words   |  12 Pageswhat makes them so of interest to scientists so specific cells can be made to replace damaged cells caused by diseases. There are a couple of sources for getting stem cells; either embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells. In order to get embryonic stem cells scientists can use In Vitro Fertilization or Nuclear Transfer which both have raised ethical concerns while adult stem cells can be retrieved from adult tissue. In Vitro Fertilization is the largest potential source for getting blastocystsRead MoreRobotic Surgery Essay example14445 Words   |  58 Pagesexample, the patient may have a fairly large tumor located in their lungs or stomach. The forced feedback probe would then assist in identifying where the tumor is located and to assure complete ablation with the sole purpose of protecting the healthy tissue (Camarillo, M.S., Krummel, M.D. amp; Salisbury Jr., Ph.D., 2004). As the industry works to continue achievements for scientific drive, there will be more virtual constraints that will be considered as a determining factor. If surgeons are performingRead MoreRobotic Assisted Surgery16730 Words   |  67 Pagesprogrammed to aid in the positioning and manipulation of surgical instruments† (Morris, 2005). Surgical robots enable the surgeon to carry out more complex tasks. These surgical robots that are used are not intended to act in place of human surgeons or to replace them but instead these machines act as â€Å"remote extensions that are governed by the surgeon and are best described as master-slave manipulators† (Morris, 2005). The surgeon can use a direct â€Å"telemanipulator which is a remote manipulator that allows

The Perspectives Of Albert Banduras Social Learning Theory

Albert Bandura leans towards the behaviourist learning theories when discussing the Social Learning Theory, he adds that learning occurs through observation and the observing of ‘models’, these can be parents, teachers, mentors or even characters on a TV show (McLeod, 2016). J L (2015) however, disagrees and views this learning theory as a bridge between behaviourist and cognitive learning due to its inclusion of motivation, memory and attention. This style of learning was depicted clearly through the 1961 Bobo doll experiment, here Bandura has models show violence to a portion of the 72 children selected, this aggression was replicated by the children, confirming the process of observational learning (Nolan, 2009). Ultimately this can be†¦show more content†¦Although, McLeod (2016) argues we all have differing needs and therefore all the steps won’t apply to us in the same way, what one person needs another wont. To enhance development and learning in students Benjamin Bloom developed the three learning domains or taxonomies, these being cognitive, affective and psychomotor (Quinonez, 2014). Cognitive lends itself to knowledge which will be attained by the student. Affective is associated with the handling of the student’s emotions, whereas Psychomotor relates to the co-ordination and development of physical movement and motor related skills (Clark, 2015). This can clearly be seen with our paramedic students, learning the theory of why we do something in university, the students emotional engagement in practice when observing and then the physical practicalities of performing skills on the road. The best way to create a clinical learning environment is by involving the student (Emanuel Pryce, 2013). Papp et el (2003) advocates the importance of making them engage as part of the team, but as the NHS is faced with staff shortages and an increased work load, students are often left isolated and feelingShow MoreRelatedThe Use of Banduras Social Learning Theory in Schools Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the central tenants of Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory, which is also called Social Cognitive Theory, is that â€Å"aggression in children is influenced by the reinforcement of family members, the media, and the environment† (Bandura, 1975, pp. 206-208). Evans (1989) suggested that the basis for Bandura’s theories came from work completed by researchers Miller and Dollard (1941) who suggested that human development is actively influenced by â€Å"response consequences† (Evans, 1989, p. 4), butRead MoreJean Piaget And Albert Bandura946 Wor ds   |  4 PagesThe theorists being compared in this discussion question would be Jean Piaget and Albert Bandura and how their theories fit into the developmental process. Both are great contributors to the field of psychology due to their theories on cognitive development. There are some similarities and differences between Albert Bandura’s Social learning theories with Piaget’s cognitive theory in term of ideas and subjects that were used. Jean Piagets was one of the most recognized and influential developmentalRead MoreThe Theory Of Social Psychology1551 Words   |  7 PagesSocial psychology seeks to identify and understand how society (i.e. family, community, sub groups, and peers, etc.) influences thoughts, feelings, and behaviors of the individual. Within the realm of social psychology, two prominent theorists emerge, Albert Bandura and Bernard Weiner. Both theorists have made great impacts within their fields, determining and describing cause and effect of social influences on the individual’s behaviors, but more importantly, how external contributors manifest intoRead MoreEffective Social Learning Theories1164 Words   |  5 PagesEffective social learning theories do not just explain behaviors, they build bridges. Few experts believe that social or even biologically determined actions arise in isolation: they come about as a result of a variety of factors that may be located inside or outside of the su bject, but eventually they come together in combination. It is this recognition that has formed the basis (at least in retrospect) for the long-lasting impact of Banduras social learning or now social cognitive theory of behaviorRead MoreBandura s Social Learning Theory969 Words   |  4 Pagesthat make the most sense in the world. Something like the social learning theory was overlooked. But it has provided such great insight as to why we do certainly in our lives. Bandura’s theory has paved the way to many studies and has open our minds to the possibility that we affect each other in a way we would not imagine. I believe that this theory can shape a lot of people s lives. I agree with Albert Bandura’s social learning theory by modeling and in this paper, I will present an argumentRead MoreThe Social Control Theory And Social Learning Theory1713 Words   |  7 Pagesperception has come from, many have created theories about the topic while others have combined the ories to get a better insight. The reason behind this is to create a better understanding as to why people commit crimes. With all the theories that seem to be possible, two of them seem to be the most popular: social control theory and social learning theory. Although they have their similarities and differences, the social control theory and social learning theory bring a better understanding to the worldRead MoreBandura and Skinner1755 Words   |  8 Pagesand Contrast of Learning Theories: Albert Bandura and B.F. Skinner Introduction Two prominent researchers, B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura, have developed theories which provide differing perspectives and explanations regarding the learning behavior of individuals. The purpose of this writing is to explore the theoretical perspectives of Operant Conditioning Theory developed by B.F. Skinner and Social Learning Theory developed by Albert Bandura. An overview of both theories is presented,Read MoreAlbert Bandura Social Cognitive Theory3359 Words   |  14 PagesAlbert Bandura amp; Social Cognitive Theory Denise A. Vega Liberty University PSYC 341 July 1, 2012 Professor Timothy Bouman Abstract The contributions Albert Bandura made to the understanding of social learning have led to further investigation and new findings. Social Cognitive Theory is Bandura’s greatest contribution to social, cognitive, and abnormal psychology. It has led to a greater understanding of human behavior and how humans learn behavior in a social context. UltimatelyRead MoreSoical Cognitive Theory1023 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the major challenges to behaviorism came from studies on observational learning conducted by Albert Bandura and colleagues. (Schunk, 2012) In contrast to Skinner Bandura’s social cognitive theory states people learn new actions merely by observing others perform them. Observers did not have to perform the actions at the time of learning. (Schunk, 2012) For example new employees watching their employer demonstrate how to wrap a knife, and ship it. The employee necessarily would not have toRead MoreThe Theories of Bandura versus Erikson859 Words   |  3 Pages A person not only grows physically but also cognitively and socio-emotionally. This paper will explain two theories; one cognitive and one socio-emotional; about human development. The two theories will be described, compared, contrasted and individually evaluated based on the strong points and limitations. The first theory examined is Albert Bandura’s social cognitive/learning theory. A child does not automatically know how to interpret their environment, but they can learn about the world

Chapter 5 and 6 Apush Outline Free Essays

Chapter 5 * Thirteen original colonies is misleading because Britain ruled thirty-two colonies in North America by 1775 * Included Canada, the Floridas, and various Caribbean islands * Only thirteen unfurled the standard of rebellion A few of the nonrebels (Canada, Jamaica, etc) were larger, wealthier, or more populous than some of the revolting thirteen * Some British colonies had strike for their independence while others did not/; due to the distinctive social, economic, and political structures of the thirteen Atlantic seaboard colonies and also in the halting gradual appearance in the American way of life Conquest by the Cradle * Among distinguishing characteristics of rebellious settlements: lusty population growth * Colonists doubled their numbers every 25 years Europeans * Dr. Samuel Johnson â€Å"Multiplying like rattlesnakes† * Also were youthful average age was 16 * In 1775, the most populous colonies were Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, and Maryland. * Only four communities could be called cities: first Philadelphia (including suburbs), New York, Boston, Charleston * 90% of the people lived in rural areas A Mingling of the Races * Colonial America had been a melting pot since the outset: population was English in stock and language, but mottled with numerous foreign groups * Germans * 1775: about 6% of total population Fleeing religious persecution, economic oppression, and ravages of war * Mostly settled in Pennsylvania in the early 1700s * Added to religious diversity: belonged to different Protestant sects, primarily Lutheran * Erroneously known as the Pennsylvania Dutch and made up 1/3 of colony’s population * Moved into Penn’s backcountry * Their splendid stone barns give evidence of industry and prosper ity * Clung to their German culture and language * Scots-Irish * 7% of population in 1775 * Not Irish at all but turbulent Scots Lowlanders Had been transported over a period of time to Northern Ireland did not prosper * Irish Catholics hated Scottish Presbyterian and resented the intrusion * Economic life of Scots-Irish was hampered, especially when English government put burdensome restrictions on their production of woolens and linens * Early 1700s: tens of thousands of Scots- Irish came to America, mostly to tolerant and deep-soiled Pennsylvania * Best land was already taken by Germans and Quakers pushed out into the frontier * Illegally but defiantly squatted on unoccupied lands and quarreled with Indian and white owners * Superior frontiersmen with ready violence for Indians * Idea that they kept â€Å"Sabbath and all else they could get their hands on† * They hated British government (or apparently any other government) who had once uprooted and still lorded over them * Led the armed march of the Paxton Boys on Philadelphia, protesting the Quaker’s oligarchy’s lenient policy towards Indians * Also led Regulator movement in North Carolina against eastern domination of the colony’s affairs * Many of these hotheads (ex Andrew Jackson) eventually joined the American revolutionists * 5% of multicolored colonial population included French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swish, and Scots Highlanders felt little loyalty to British crown * Largest non-English group Africans Thirteen colonies had most mixed population * South: 90% of slaves * New England: Puritans least ethnic diversity * Middle Colonies (especially Penn’s Woods): received most of later white immigrants and had astonishing variety * This variety laid the foundations for the diverse multicultural American identity * Whites mixed with other whites, as were Africans from slave trade African Americans * Polyglot Native American communities emerged blur red tribal identity boundaries The Structure of Colonial Society * Contrasted to Europe—American was a land of equality and opportunity except for the slaves * No titled nobility or pauperized underclass Most white Americans and some free blacks were small farmers * Cities: small class of skilled artisans, shopkeepers, tradespeople, and unskilled causal laborers * Most astonishing: could go from rags to riches for an ambitious colonist, rare in England * Contrast with 17th century America: colonial society on the eve of Revolution began to show signs of stratification/ barriers to mobility raised worries about â€Å"Europeanization† of America * Gods of war contributed to these developments * Armed conflicts of the 1690s and early 1700s enriched a number of merchant princes in the New England and middle colonies laid foundations of their fortunes with profits made as military suppliers made money imported fancy clothes and ate with English china, etc * Prominent people came to be seated in churches/ schools according to rank * War plague created class of widows and orphans became dependent on charity * Philadelphia and NY built almshouses However, still smaller number of poor in America than England (1/3 of population in E) * In New England countryside descendent of original settlers faced more problems than descendents supply of unclaimed soil grew smaller and families larger existing landholdings were repeatedly subdivided * Average farm size drastically shrank and younger kids were forced to work as wage laborers or seek virgin tracts of land beyond Alleghenies * South: power of great planters were bolstered by disproportionate ownership of slaves * Riches created by growing slave population in 18th century were not evenly distributed among whites- wealth was concentrated in largest slave owners widened gap between rich and poor whites who would portably become tenant farmers * In all the colonies the ranks of the lower classes were further sw elled by the continuing stream of indentured servants, many of whom were eventually very successful * Many paupers and convicts were deported to the Americas, many because of the strict penal code in England with over 200 capital crimes—not fans of king * Lowest: blacks they could not even dream of climbing the social ladder * People eared black rebellion SC legislature even tried to restrict/ halt their importation * To reserve cheap labor, especially in sugar of West Indies, British authorities vetoed these attempts colonists thought this veto was callous even though NE slave traders also very much benefited from this * Cruel complexity of issue (think Thomas Jefferson) Clerics, Physicians, and Jurists * Christian ministry was most honored profession * Most physicians were poorly trained and not highly esteemed * The first medical school came in 1765 * Epidemics were a constant nightmare, especially smallpox a crude form of inoculation was introduced in 1721 despite objecti ons by many physicians and clergy * Powdered dried toad was a favorite prescription for smallpox. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 5 and 6 Apush Outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now Diphtheria was also a killer, especially of young people. Grim reminder of one epidemic and the taking of their morality may have helped to prepare colonists in their hearts and minds for the religious revival that was soon to sweep them up * At first the law profession was not favorably regarded lawyers were regarded as noisy or troublemakers, drunkards or brothel owners; sometimes parties defended themselves in court Workaday America * Agriculture was the leading industryinvolved about 90% of the people * Tobacco continued to be staple crop for Maryland and VA (wheat also spread through Chesapeake in tobacco ruined soil regions) * Fertile middle (bread) colonies with lots of grain NY was exporting a lot of flour a year†¦ A LOT * This was really good, and America was overall the higher of standards of living lived by the majority of others in history up to that time * Fishing, though below agriculture, was rewarding and pursued in all American colonies but major industry in Ne w England stimulated shipbuilding and served as a nursery for the seamen * Bustling commerce, coastwise and overseas enriched all the colonies especially New England, NY, and Pennsylvania * Commercial ventures and land speculation replaced any get-rich-quick schemes and became the surest avenues to speedy wealth * Yankee seamen were famous not only as skilled mariners but also as ightfisted traders * Triangular trade was infamously profitable but small in relation to total colonial commerce * Manufacturing in the colonies was only secondary importance but included rum, beaver hats, iron, household manufacturing (spinning and weaving) * Strong-back laborers and skilled craftspeople were scarce and highly prized * Lumbering was the most important single manufacturing activity first chiefly in New England, but then spread elsewhere in the colonies * Colonial naval stores (tar, pitch, rosin, turpentine) were highly valued because British wanted to fain and retain a mastery of the seas * London offered generous bounties to stimulate production of these items * Towering trees were needed for royal masts there were restriction placed on them this shackle on free enterprise caused considerable bitterness * By the 18th century Americans held an important flank of the thriving Atlantic economy, but strains appeared in this network as early as the 1730s * Fast breeding Americans demanded more and more British products-yet the slow growing British population early reached the saturation point for absorbing imports from America * This trade imbalance prompted the Americans to sell their goods to foreign, non-British markets to get money to pay for British products * By the eve of the Revolution, the bulk of Chesapeake tobacco was in France and other European countries, btw it passed through British re-exporters * Most important was trade with West Indies, especially in French islands West Indian purchases of North American timber and foodstuffs provided cash for colonists to purchase British goods * Due to pressure from British West Indian planters, Parliament passed the Molasses Act: aim was to stop trade with French West Indies * American merchants respond by bribing, smuggling, etc Americans revolting, not submitting Horsepower and Sailpower All large but sparsely populated pioneer communities were cursed with oppressive problems of transportation, including America with its scarceness of money and worker * Snot until 1700s did roads connect major cities, but they were still deficient * Roads were poor (dust in summer and mud in winter) and stagecoach travelers faced problems like rickety bridges and runaway horses * Bad roads heavy reliance on waterways populations clustered along banks or rivers slow and undependable but cheap and pleasant * Taverns sprang up along routes of travel as well as in cities all social classes mingled tavern was another cradle of democracy * Also important in crystallizing public opinion and hotbeds of agitation as Re volution continued * An intercolonial postal system was established by the mid-1700s Dominant Denominations Two â€Å"establish†- tax supported- churches in 1775: Anglican and Congregational * However, large part of population did not worship in any church, even in colonies that maintained established religion minority belonged to the churches * Church of England (Anglican) was official faith in Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and part of NY served as major prop of kingly authority * However, it clung to a faith that was less fierce and more worldly than religion of Puritanical New England shorter sermons, less scorned amusements, etc * The College of William and Mary was founded in 1693 to train a better class of clerics for the Anglican Church * Congregational Church had grown out of Puritan Church and was influential formally established in all New England colonies except independent-minded Rhode Island * Presbyterianism, close to Congregational, was never made official in any of the colonies * These two combined with rebellion during early rumblings against British crown * Anglican clergy supported king but were handicapped by not having a resident bishop, whose presence would have been convenient for the ordination of young ministers people had to travel to England to be ordained and many non- Anglicans opposed the idea of creating an American bishopric because it would tighten royal reins * Religious toleration  had made tremendous strides in America. There were fewer Catholics in America; hence anti-Catholic laws were less severe and less strictly enforced. In general, people could worship or not worship as they pleased. The Great Awakening * In all colonial churches, religion was less fervid in early 18th century than century before, when colonies were first planted * Puritan churches especially sagged under two burdens: elaborate theological doctrines and their compromising efforts to liberalize membership requirements * Liberal i deas began to challenge old time religion Puritan predestination was questioned a lot, especially bit Arminians, who preached that free will determined eternal fate, not divine decree a few churches grudgingly said that spiritual conversion was not necessary for church membership (they had felt pressured) * These twin trends toward clerical intellectualism and lay liberalism sucked spiritual vitality from many denominations set stage for rousing religious revival, the Great Awakening * Great Awakening: first started in Northampton, Massachusetts by Jonathon Edwards, an intellectual pastor he proclaimed that through faith in God,  not  through doing good works, could one attain eternal salvation. He had an alive-style of preaching â€Å"Sinners in Hands of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  * George Whitefield  gave America a different kind of evangelical type of preaching (had an incredible voice) * His message even had Edwards to tears and Franklin to empty pockets countless sinners expressed conversion * The  old lights, orthodox clergymen, were skeptical of the new ways (emotional and theatrical) of preaching * New light ministers defended the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion * Congregationalists and Presbyterians were split over this issue * Many believers in the religious conversion went to the Baptists and other sects more prepared for emotion in religion * Awakening had many lasting effects had an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality and seriously undermined the older clergy, whose authority had been derived from their education and erudition * The schisms it set off in many denominations greatly increased the numbers and competitiveness of American church es encouraged a wave of missionary work among Indians and even black slaves, many of whom also attended the mass open-air revival led to founding of â€Å"new light† centers of higher learning (Princeton, Dartmouth, Rutgers, Brown) * Most significant: Great Awakening was the first spontaneous mass movement of the American people broke down sectional boundaries/ denominational liens; contributed to growing sense that Americans were a single people, united by common history and shared experience Schools and Colleges * English idea was that education was a blessing reserved for the aristocratic few, not for unwashed many, leadership not citizenship, males only * Colonists slowly and painfully broke out of these ancient restrictions * Puritan New England was more interested in education than any other section. Dominated by the Congregational Church, it stressed the need for Bible reading by the individual worshiper * Primary goal of clergy good Christians, not good citizens * Education for boys flourished almost from the outset in News England * This densely populated region had impressive number of graduates from English universities, especially Cambridge, the intellectual center of England’s Puritanism * New England also established primary and secondary schools * Adequate elementary schools also put information in the reluctant â€Å"scholars† of middle and southern colonies (some tax supported and others privately operated) * South: mostly wealthy families with private tutors General atmosphere of colonial schools and colleges were grim and gloomy most emphasis was placed on religion and classical language of Latin and Greek, not experiments, reason, or independent thinking * There was severe discipline, even for children, and even indentured-servant teachers could be whi pped for failures as workers * College education was regarded (at least in new England) extremely important because Churches would wither if new crops of ministers were not trained to lead spiritual flocks * Many wealthy families, especially in South, sent their boys abroad to British institutions * For convenience and economy, 9 local colleges were established during the colonial era small student enrollments (200 boys at most), poor education, curriculum filled with theology and dead languages * By 1750: distinct trend towards more modern subjects * Significant contribution made by Ben Franklin, who played a major role in the launching of UPenn, the first American college free from denominational control A Provincial Culture Colonial Americans were still in thrall to European tastes, especially British * The simplicity of pioneering life had not yet bred many patrons of arts * John Trumbull: aspiring painter of Connecticut who was discouraged by his father’s remark that Con necticut was not Athens; Trumbull, like most others, was forced to travel to London to pursue his ambitions * Charles Wilson Peale (GW portraits), Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley became famous painters but also had to go to England to complete their training only aboard could they find subjects who had leisure to sit for their portraits and had the money to handsomely pay * These people were Loyalists and were buried in London (sometimes) * Architecture was imported from old World and modified for peculiar climatic and religious conditions of the New World * Log cabin Sweden The red-bricked Georgian style was introduced in 1720 Williamsburg, Virginia * Colonial literature was generally undistinguished, like art, for many of the same reasons * Phyllis Wheatley: black poet, taken from slave to England, poetry book similar to Pope * BFrank: autobiography, but mostly Poor Richard’s Almanac- shaped America; only book that beat it was the Bible * Science was also making progre ss: not as many superstitions * BFrank: only first rank scientist produced in the American colonies * Spectacular but dangerous experiments: kite proved lightning was a form of electricity * Bifocals, Franklin stove, lighting rod condemned by some clergymen â€Å"presuming God† Pioneer Presses Americans were generally too poor to buy books and too busy to read them * There were some private libraries, especially with Byrd family and the clergy * BFrank established the first privately supported circulating library in America in Philadelphia * By 1776 there were about 50 public libraries and collections supported by subscription * Hand operated printing presses: brought out pamphlets, journals, leaflets, etc * 40 colonial newspapers by the time of the Revolution * They were mostly made of somber essays with news that was delayed to be printed but colonists were extremely interested to hear about * Newspapers were powerful source of airing colonial grievances and rallying opposi tion to British control * A celebrated legal case in 1734-1735 involved  John Peter Zenger, a newspaper printer. He was charged with printing things that assailed the corrupt royal governor of New York (libel). Despite the ambitions of the royal chief justice, the jury voted him not guilty to the surprise of the judge and many people. This paved the way for freedom of the press. The Great Game of Politics * The thirteen colonial governments took a variety of forms * Eight had royal governors appointed by the king * Three- Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware- were under proprietors who themselves chose the governors * Two- Connecticut and Rhode Island- elected their own governors under self-governing characters * Nearly every colony used a two house legislative body. The upper house, or council, was appointed by the crown in the royal colonies and the proprietor in the proprietary colonies. It was chosen by voters in the self-governing colonies * The lower house, as the popular branch, was elected by the people- those who owned enough property to be qualified as voters * Backcountry was underrepresented and they hated the colonial cliques almost as much as kingly authority * Legislatress (direct representation): voted such taxes as they deemed necessary for the expenses of the colonial government * This self-taxation through representation was a precious privilege Americans prized above all else * Governors appointed by king were generally bale men, sometimes outstanding figures, but some were incompetent/ corrupt and just badly in need of jobs * Worst of this group was impoverished Lord Cornbury: made governor of New York and New Jersey in 1702. He was a drunkard, a spendthrift, and a bad person. Even the best appointees had troubles with colonial legislatures because the royal governor embodied a bothersome transatlantic authority 3000 miles away * Ways colonial assem blies asserted their authority and independence: employed the trick of withholding governor’s salary until he yielded to their wishes (since he was normally in need of money) * The London government was guilty of poor administration (left colonial governor to the mercy of the legislature) * They sh0oudl have arranged for his independent pay instead of from these bickering sources bickering is persistent spirit of revolt * Local level administration also varied * County government remained the rule in South New England: town meeting government predominated- direct democracy because of open discussion/ open voting * Religious/ property qualifications required for voting/ even stiffer qualifications for office holding * Privileged upper-class wouldn’t grant right to everyone * ? adult white males, but gaining the property wasn’t that hard so there were a lot of opportunities to become voters * Not many eligible actually voted left it up to their â€Å"better† leaders (actually corrupt losers) * Middle colonies: modification of the two * 1775: not yet a true democracy, but much more democratic than anything in Europe/ Britain * There some democratic ideas planted seeds for later years Colonial Folkways Life in colonies was drab and tedious (labor was heavy and constant) * Americans had most bountiful diet, food was plentiful, but coarse and monotonous diet * Americans had/ ate more meat than anyone in the Old World * Obviously they didn’t have heat in Churches, poorly heated homes with inefficient fireplaces, no running water, plumbing or bathtubs, not much garbage disposal * Candles/ whale-oil lamps used for illumination * Amusement * Pursued when time/ custom permitted * Militia periodically assembled for musters (with lots of flirting and enjoyment involved) * Several days of drilling- musters * North: winter sports * South: cards. Horse racing, cockfighting, and fox hunts * Non-puritanical south: dancing * GW could ride well and dance well * Lotteries were approved even by clergy * Stage plays- popular for south but frowned upon by Quakers/ Puritans * New England clergy saw plays as immoral; they preferred religious lectures * Holidays * Celebrated everywhere in the American colonies New England: frowned upon Christmas * Thanksgiving- widespread giving thanks to God * By mid-18th century, Britain’s several North American colonies revealed some striking similarities * Basically English in language and custom, Protestant in religion * Other people and faiths colonies gave some degree of ethic/ religious toleration * Lots of opportunities for social mobility * All possessed some measure of self-government (but not complete democracy) * Improving communication and transportation * Self- rule was most important similarity * All separated by entire ocean from Britain led to struggle to unite for independence Chapter 6 As the 17th was ending, contest began for mastery of North American continent involvi ng 3 Old Worlds (Britain, France, and Spain) and involved Native Americans as well * 1688- 1763: 4 bitter wars in Europe (world wars) * Fought for control in Europe and New World and fought in both places * Americans could not stay out of it good thing because one of the wars (Seven Years’ War aka French and Indian War by America) set the stage for America’s independence France Finds a Foothold in Canada * Like England and Holland, France was a latecomer in New World real estate, basically for same reasons: had foreign wars in 1500s and domestic strife (clashes between Roman Catholics and Protestant Huguenots) * St. Bartholomew’s Day: lots of people killed * In 1598, the  Edict of Nantes  was issued by the crown of France. It granted limited religious freedom to French Protestants, and stopped religious wars between the Protestants and Catholics new century France became mightiest and most feared in Europe, led by brilliant leaders and vainglorious King Louis XIV * Reigned for less than 2 years surrounded by glittering court and mistresses * Also took deep interest in colonies * In  1608, France established  Quebec (by St. Lawrence River). The leading figure was  Samuel de Champlain,  an intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership earned him the title â€Å"Father of New France†. * Champlain entered into friendly relations with the nearby Huron Indians and joined them in battles against their foes (Iroquois of upper NY area) * Two fights with them and Iroquois were dead scared France earned permanent enmity with Iroquois * Stopped French from getting into Ohio Valley Ravaged French settlements/ served as British allies * The government of New France (Canada) was under direc t control of the king after muchos companies had failed royal almost completely autocratic regime  did not elect any representative assemblies or have right to trial by jury like those in English colonies * Population in Catholic New France grew lethargically (Landowning French peasants didn’t want to move and Protestant Huguenots could not for religious reasons) * French government preferred Caribbean islands (sugar and rum) over cold wintery Canada New France Sets Out * New France’s one valuable resource: beaver fashion hats (warm and opulent) * French fur trappers: couriers de bois (runners of the woods) who ranged over woods/ waterways of North America for beaver * Also runners of risks * Two-fisted drinkers, free spenders, free livers and lovers * Named a lot (Baton Rouge, Des Moines, etc) * French voyageurs recruited Indians into fur business * Fur trade had drawbacks Indians recruited got the white diseases and hated their alcohol * Slaughtering mass beavers v iolated some NA religious beliefs and destroyed some Indians’ way of life * French and Indian trappers traveled amazing distances almost extinguished beaver population, causing bad ecological damage * French Catholic missionaries, especially Jesuits, labored with much enthusiasm to convert the Indians to Christianity and to save them from the fur trappers * Some were killed by Indians for doing so * Some made converts, but also had vital roles as explorers and geographers * Others sought not souls nor fur but empire * Antoine Cadillac- founded Detroit in  1701  to thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley * Robert de La Salle- explored the Mississippi and Gulf basin, naming it Louisiana in honor of king; done to check Spanish penetration into the gulf * Dreamed of empire and brought colonizing ships, but ended up killed by mutiny * In order to ontinue their efforts to block the Spanish on the Gulf of Mexico, the French planted several fortified posts in Mississ ippi and Louisiana; most important-  New Orleans  in  1718. * This outpost also rapped fur trade * Fertile Illinois had French forts established there and became France’s garden empire of North America because much grain was produced there The Clash of Empires * The earliest battles among European power for control of North America, known to British colonists as  King William’s War (1689-1697)  and  Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713), pitted British colonists against the French couriers de bois with both sides recruiting any possible Indian allies. Primitive guerilla warfare: neither side thought America was so important to need a large detachments of troops * Most of the battles were between the British colonists, the French, and the French ally Spain. * Spain probed from its Florida base at SC settlements, and French Indian allies ravaged British colonial frontiers * British: failed with Quebec and Montreal but victories when temporarily seized Port Roya l in Acadia (present day Nova Scotia) * The wars ended in  1713  with peace terms signed at  Utrecht proved how badly beaten; France and Spain were terribly beaten and Britain received French-populated Acadia and Newfoundland and Hudson Bay. The British also won limited trading rights in Spanish America later involved friction over smuggling War of Jenkins’ Ear broke out between British and Spanish in Caribbean Sea and Georgia with James Oglethorpe fought against Spanish foe to a standstill * This small scuffle merged with big War of Austrian Succession in Europe (King George’s War) * France allied with Spain * New Englanders invaded New France with British fleet and luck * The War of Jenkins’s Ear started in  1739  between the British and Spaniards. This small battle became a war and became known as  King George’s War in America. It ended in  1748  with a treaty that handed Louisbourg back to France, enraging the victorious New Englanders , and France still clung to vast holdings in North America How to cite Chapter 5 and 6 Apush Outline, Essay examples

Corporate Governance Mobile Industry

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance for Mobile Industry. Answer: Introduction: Mobile industry is growing rapidly in the wider industry for communication. Initially, mobile industry was engaged only in mobile phone and mobile accessories manufacturing. However, the mobile industry is growing rapidly with regard to technology and it is the fastest growing industry in the world, moving forward with innovations, technologies. It is not only the technology that has changed, but the design of mobiles also changed significantly with regard to its shape, weight and size. Mobile phone has become more comfortable and sleeker. The regulatory duty for mobile phones lies with Federal Communication Commission (FCC), in U.S. Despite of having various advantages of Mobile phones, one of the major disadvantages of mobile is the exposure of mobile communication could affect the health of people. Background: T-Mobile USA is countrywide provider of data services, wireless voice and messaging and has the capability of reaching more than 308 million Americans, where they work, play and live.. T-Mobile US is having their headquarters in Bellevue, Washington and they offer services through its subsidiaries and functions through its flagship brands Metro PCS and T-Mobile and also play the role of host network for various mobile operators. At present, 50000 employees are working under them and Deutsche Telecom from German telecommunications are their major shareholder. T-Mobile is 3rd largest wireless network service provider in United States (Chow and Joul, T-Mobile USA, Inc. 2013). Last year, ATT Inc. planned to buy the US branch of this struggling wireless service provider from Deutsche Telecom, T-Mobiles parent company. However, in December, ATT had to cancel their plan as the department of justice sued to block the acquisition and the reason he explained that the deal will reduce the competition in the industry. 4-G services of T-Mobile in US lags far behind compared to other three-service provider. They also voted as one of the awful among wireless network, as per the annual poll of MSN/Zogby (Daley 2014). Though T-Mobile is planning to improve their services, the real fact is that the improvements may be too late and too little. They had an extraordinary loss of 1558000 users in 1st nine months of the year, out of total 33 million it had towards the end of 2011. However, during that period, Verizon Wireless and ATT continued to increase their customers (Chow and Joul, T-Mobile USA, Inc. 2013) Business strategy: They generate earnings by offering cheap services of wireless communication to their wholesale, prepaid and post-paid customers and selling wide variety of wireless accessories and devices. Most of their expenditure are related to getting new customers and retaining them through providing compensating employees, providing various devices, expanding and operating their network. They provide accessories and devices through their flagship brand Metro PCS and T-mobile (Besen et al. 2013). Customer: Wireless communication services offered by T-Mobile to three major classes of consumers are namely branded prepaid, branded post-paid and wholesale. Users who generally pay after using the services are branded post-paid customers. Branded prepaid customers normally pay in advance and wholesale customers include virtual mobile network operators and machine-to-machine operators. They earn major portion of their earnings from branded post-paid customers amounting to 66%, from branded prepaid customers 30% and 4% from roaming, wholesale customers and other services, in 2015. Therefore, acquiring and retaining branded post-paid customers is most important to their business (Caldwell et al. 2016). Risk related to wireless industry and their business: The scarcity and cost of new wireless spectrum, tough regulations regarding the use of spectrum are adversely affecting their financial planning and business strategy. They need to acquire more spectrum to continue maintain growth of customers, enlarge their business to new cities, maintain better quality of service, meet increasing number of customers demand and employ new and improved technologies. They will have to face competitive disadvantages and experience erosion in service quality in various markets, if they fail to get access to required spectrum (Raina 2015). Although FCC has planned an auction programme but there is chances that the programme will be delayed. Any delay can adversely affect their ability to execute their efforts and plan to improve network. Their financial condition and reputation materially get adversely affected if there is an incident related to business disruptions, system failures and unauthorized access to their network takes place (Yami and Nemeh 2014). To maintain their sustainable growth, they must provide their consumers with trustworthy, reliable services and protect the locations, communications and personal information generated or shared by their consumers. Failure of network, infrastructure and system may create barrier in providing consistent services or may allow hackers to have unauthorised access to their system. Such risks include Errors made by human being like responding to unreliable communications, or implementing malicious code unintentionally Delays or failures by suppliers Theft of proprietary or consumers confidential data offered for sale for corporate extortion or competitive advantages. Physical damage, outages, power surges, equipment failures including those as a outcome of natural disasters, severe weather, acts of war and attacks by terrorists. Any other outages or system failures (Simons-Morton et al. 2014). The agreement managing their indebtedness applies various financial and operating restrictions on them. These restrictions includes the following Generating liens on their assets Bearing additional indebtedness and issuance of preferred stock Engaging in acquisitions, mergers, amalgamations and other transactions Entering into agreements with affiliates Developing assets, licenses and properties which they have or may procure in future Imposing restrictions on subsidiarys ability to make any payments or pay dividends (Gao et al. 2013). Legal proceeding: hey have to involve in legal proceedings frequently before various federal agencies, local and state regulatory agencies. These legal proceedings may be costly, complex, time consuming and highly disturbing to the business operations by diverting the energies and attention of management. The evaluation of the result of legal proceeding, involving their potential liability paid or received for settlement final order, judgement or decree may fluctuate as compared to the accrued amount of financial report. Possible outcomes involving awards, settlements, order and judgements may have substantial adverse effect on financial condition, business, operating results and compatibility to do business (Xu et al. 2015). Criticism against T-Mobile: Their services has been criticised due to non-performance of video optimization to the promised 1.5 Mbps bandwidth speed. If the provider of video can scale and detect the quality of stream to match with cap, the service works, otherwise it creates buffering and stuttering mess (Nwogugu 2015). Another problem people had to face with T-Mobile was with T-Mobile Binge On, which led to the problem that customers were opted for the service by-default and the service applied for all the video suppliers and not only for the providers who signed agreement with T-Mobile (Hildner et al. 2013). Controls and procedures: They maintain procedures and disclosure control to assure that the required information for disclosure of periodic statements submitted or filed under Exchange Act is processed, recorded, reported or summarized within the permitted time in the SECs forms and rules. Their disclosure controls are designed in such a way that it can assure that required information for disclosure under Exchange Act is collected and communicated to their principal financial officer, principal executive officer and management, to allow decisions in appropriate time related to required disclosures. (Falk et al. 2016). Executive Officers, Directors and Corporate Governance: They maintain a code of ethics for their Chief Accounting Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Executive Officer, controller and treasurer, which is a Code of Ethics for Senior Officers in Finance as explained by implemented rule of SEC. This code is available for public in their website. If they amend this code other than administrative, technical or other non-substantive change or grant any waiver, they will reveal the type of waiver or amendment, its date of coming into effect and the category of consumer or investor to whom it is applicable in their periodic report or on their website (Brown 2015) Organization Governance: Purpose: The board of director of T-Mobile US, Inc has generated the guidelines for organizations governance to assist them to execute their responsibilities towards the organization and their stakeholders. The guidelines are applicable in a consistent manner with all applicable rules and laws of stock market and the companys amended byelaws are effected on time-to-time basis. These guidelines are aimed to provide as flexible structure for conducting business and not as legally binding set of regulations. The board may amend or make any modifications to the guidelines in its judgement and with regard to their responsibilities and duties to the shareholders and company (Campbell et al. 2014). Role of the board: The board reviews the activities of management and suggests on strategic and long term issues, with a view to improve the long term worth of the organization to their shareholders. It is the managements responsibility to control the financial condition and operation with regard to the boards ultimate control and oversight. Among their major activities, the board approves reviews, oversees the execution of the organizations capital, major business, strategy, financial objectives, and plan, and oversees the operation of organizations business by management. The board is answerable to the shareholders, but identifies that shareholders long term interest are proceeded by addressing responsibly the issues of other shareholders, involving consumers, employees, suppliers, public and government. The board has the option to do its task directly or can pass on to its committee. However, the task, which is cannot be delegated as per the bylaws, charter or any other applicable law, the board cannot pass it on to committee. While taking any action, the board must be aware that judgement on business has been applied properly and the action has been taken with regard to best interest of the organization (Garg, Dua and Chandra 2013). Board selection and composition: Independence: The board shall include minimum three directors (all members from audit committee), who meet the independence standards for directors, which are included in the NASDAQ Stock Markets listing standard or any other applicable listing requirement of company on timely basis. At times when the company does not meet the criteria of controlled company, under the NASDAQ requirement, the board should consist of majority of such directors who meet required standards of independence. As per the agreement between the Charter and the Stockholder, dated 30th April, 2013 between Deutsche Telekom AG and the company, if the board require one or more member to be independent to meet the qualification requirement, it can take from other committee. The board shall make an confirmatory declaration annually about the independence of all the directors. Every director has an confirmatory obligation to inform the board about any material changes regarding his independency (Tricker 2015). Qualification: a director should have professional and personal integrity, should have excellent moral character, and have good judgement about business, required skills and experience. They should be able to devote sufficient energy and time to perform their duties diligently. Any director should not be director of any rivalry company or any company holding the authorization of Federal Communications Commission that requires the divestment of authorization. Size of the board: With regard to the terms of Stockholder and Charter agreement, the board shall decide on appropriate size of the boards, within the prescribed limit of Bylaws and Charter (Kadiyala and Bergman 2015). Selection process: With regard to the terms of the agreement between Stockholder and Charter, the nominating committee and corporate governance is liable for recommending, evaluating and identifying the potential nominees for director, who are eligible to be appointed as director, to the board for approval, when vacancy arises for director. The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee judge candidates recommended by Committee members, management, other directors and stockholders. With respect to the terms of the agreement between Charter and the Stockholder, the Committee also judges candidates for re-election, if the candidate has agreed to stand for re-election. After the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee have completed its assessment, it presents its suggestion to the full Board for its approval and consideration, subject to the Agreement of the Stockholder and Charter (Linkola, Caldwell and Hassan, T-Mobile USA, Inc., 2016). Circumstances Requiring Tender of Resignation: If a director retires from or changes, his/her primary occupation outside, permanently or becomes conscious of situation that may adversely affect the director of the Company or may create a potential difference of interest with the Company, such director should inform the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee of such situation. The Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee will reconsider the continued correctness of service under the situation. It includes a revaluation of the capability of such director to give independent opinion to the Company and to fully meet the tasks of a director, and in certain cases may consider requesting that the director to give in his or her resignation from the Board (Annamalai and Jin, T-Mobile USA, Inc. 2013). Service on Other Boards: The Company supports directors to play the role of directors of other companies so that the Company can gain from the knowledge, perspective and experience of best practices gathered from such other positions. Despite of the foregoing, directors shall limit the number of other company boards on which he or she serves so that he or she is able to devote enough time to his or her duties in Company, including attending and preparing for meetings. In addition, no member of the Audit Committee of the Board may serve for more than three committees of audit of public companies (including the Audit Committee of the Company) at the same time. Directors shall recommend the Board Chairman and the Nominating and Governance Committee Chairman, before accepting an invitation to serve the board of another public company. Directors should avoid service on boards and/or committees of other organizations that raise or create, or raise the emergence of interest conflicts Terms of directors: Directors are selected by vote annually for the term of one year. The board also appoint one Chairman for the board, who should be an independent director. Compensation: Non-employee directors of the company are entitled to sensible and reasonable compensation in compliance to the approval of board. They are also entitled to (i) reasonable expenses and cost reimbursement incurred in attending board meeting, (ii) benefits of indemnification agreements and applicable law, (iii) benefits of officers and directors reasonable liability insurance (Nwogugu 2015). Recommendations: From the above discussions, the following recommendations can be offered to T-Mobile to keep their consumer happy Sharing of family data: they have not come up yet with a data plan that is modelled as sharing data among family members. They should introduce one such plan. Notification to prime consumers before any action: Consumers should be notified before any change in data plan and their consent must be taken before any change Elimination of up gradation fee: Presently they charges $18 to upgrade phone, which seems mysterious to consumers. They should eliminate this to make consumer happy. Up gradation bonus for loyal customers: It would be great, if T-mobile offer free up gradation of phones to their long time customers and based upon this may extend the contract period of existing customers (DeMaria, Magee and Sullivan 2015). References: Annamalai, M. and Jin, Z., T-Mobile Usa, Inc., 2013.System and method for determining device location in an IP-based wireless telecommunications network. U.S. Patent 8,364,746. Besen, S.M., Kletter, S.D., Moresi, S.X., Salop, S.C. and Woodbury, J.R., 2013. An Economic Analysis of the ATT-T-Mobile USA Wireless Merger.Journal of Competition Law and Economics,9(1), pp.23-47. Brown, R.S., 2015. Political Capabilities and Rigidities: The Case of ATT's Acquisition Attempt of T-Mobile USA.Available at SSRN 2545123. Caldwell, C.E., Linkola, J.P., Hassan, O. and Jensen, C., T-Mobile Usa, Inc., 2016.System and method for managing access point functionality and configuration. U.S. Patent 9,301,155. Campbell, D., Datar, S.M., Kulp, S.L. and Narayanan, V.G., 2014. Cost Accounting: A Managerial Emphasis.Journal of Management Accounting Research,27, pp.39-65. Chow, P.S. and Joul, C.H., T-Mobile Usa, Inc., 2013.System and method for peer-to-peer transfer of multimedia content and reconciliation thereof. U.S. Patent 8,548,427. Daley, T., 2014. The German War on American Workers: Deutsche Telekom in the United States.Socialism and Democracy,28(2), pp.166-182. DeMaria, A.T., Magee, S. and Sullivan, K., 2015. Union Delays Election at South Carolina Boeing Plant. Falk, T., Kunz, W.H., Schepers, J.J. and Mrozek, A.J., 2016. How mobile payment influences the overall store price image.Journal of Business Research,69(7), pp.2417-2423. Gao, T.T., Rohm, A.J., Sultan, F. and Pagani, M., 2013. Consumers un-tethered: A three-market empirical study of consumers' mobile marketing acceptan Garg, P.K., Dua, T.R. and Chandra, A., 2013. Spectrum Challenges for Modern Mobile Services.Journal of ICT Standardization,1(2), pp.137-158. Hildner, S.T., Shanley, T.P., Emara, S., Klonoski, N., McKay, R.A., Lukin, J., Krussel, T. and Neuner, P., Oceans' Edge, Inc., 2013.Mobile device monitoring and control system. U.S. Patent 8,373,538. Kadiyala, P. and Bergman, M., 2015. The Reverse Merger Between T-Mobile and MetroPCS.Journal of Case Studies,33(2), pp.139-149. Linkola, J.P., Caldwell, C.E. and Hassan, O., T-Mobile Usa, Inc., 2016.System and method for selectively provisioning telecommunications services between an access point and a telecommunications network using a subscriber identifier. U.S. Patent 9,363,740. Nwogugu, M.C., 2015. The Case of T-Mobile USA. Inc.(2010-2013): Failed Strategic Alliances and Corporate Governance.Inc.(2010-2013): Failed Strategic Alliances and Corporate Governance (June 1, 2015). Raina, A., Abraham, W.T., Adamson, P.B., Bauman, J. and Benza, R.L., 2015. Limitations of right heart catheterization in the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with pulmonary hypertension related to left heart disease: insights from a wireless pulmonary artery pressure monitoring system.The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation,34(3), pp.438-447. Simons-Morton, B.G., Guo, F., Klauer, S.G., Ehsani, J.P. and Pradhan, A.K., 2014. Keep your eyes on the road: Young driver crash risk increases according to duration of distraction.Journal of Adolescent Health,54(5), pp.S61-S67. Tricker, B., 2015.Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Xu, X., Jiang, Y., Flach, T., Katz-Bassett, E., Choffnes, D. and Govindan, R., 2015, March. Investigating transparent web proxies in cellular networks. InInternational Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement(pp. 262-276). Springer International Publishing. Yami, S. and Nemeh, A., 2014. Organizing coopetition for innovation: The case of wireless telecommunication sector in Europe.Industrial Marketing Management,43(2), pp.250-260

Tips to Achieving an Online Diploma

Tips to Achieving an Online Diploma Times past have dictated that those with designs on achieving an accredited qualification to obtain or progress in the chosen career had to complete a concerted period of study, progressing through school, college and eventually. This is, however, no longer the case. An increasing number of people the world over are choosing distance learning. Online study affords a number of advantages. Not only is it considerably cheaper but, it allows for flexible learning, so students can learn at their own pace, in the evening or the weekend. Those that have, for whatever reason, have failed to complete basic schooling requirements can elect to study online and complete their diploma from home. The course material is structured so that everyone can easily achieve the basic requirements. There are a number of compulsory electives, once completed students have the freedom to pick the subject that they wish to study – with an eye on a career that suits their capabilities and strengths. For those that have designs on completing a higher education qualification online there is a wealth of distance higher education qualifications and courses to choose from – each of which employers find desirable. It's important to carefully consider the qualification, governing body and the content of the course before committing yourself to a few years dedicated study. One of the primary considerations for all students is having the self-discipline and organisational skills to commit to a course of study and fulfil the work necessary to obtain that qualification. Institutions with courses of higher education provide structured environments to complete the courses. They have set deadlines and times to attend lessons. Those in full-time employment or homemakers may struggle to be flexible enough to drop their schedule to attend the necessary lectures. Online diplomas provide the flexibility needed to attend lectures and complete work. If you're considering undertaking an online diploma it's advised that you calculate your own, personal lesson plan – one that you find easy to stick to. To conclude, those that are considering undertaking an online diploma should understand the nature of achieving such a qualification and the effects that it will have on your life in the short and long term. Once these have been assessed then go for it! It could be your passage to a better life.

Outline and critically analyse a prominent contribution to the construction of modern childhood, illustrating your argument with contemporary examples The WritePass Journal

Outline and critically analyse a prominent contribution to the construction of modern childhood, illustrating your argument with contemporary examples Introduction Outline and critically analyse a prominent contribution to the construction of modern childhood, illustrating your argument with contemporary examples ). Education is conflicted since there is pressure to see it as a preparation for the real world of work and the child-centred pedagogy appears to be abandoned in both national and international policy (Moseley 2007). Locke made it clear that children were not to be indulged or spoilt by their parents and he preferred praise and encouragement to punishment.   Locke believed children should not be spoken to harshly, lectured or chastised, but felt that children should be listened to and engaged with. Physical punishment was only a last resort and should never be carried out in anger, but measured and controlled, (Moseley, 2007). States schools in England abolished corporal punishment in 1987 responding to new constructions of childhood which saw corporal punishment as cruel and inhumane and children as vulnerable and in need of guidance and protection. Locke wanted children to become virtuous and to override their negative urges and internalise self-discipline, through the right amount of praise and example, especially public praise. However, there has been some criticism of Lockes highly conditioned child since Locke encouraged the love of reputation, for control purposes (Ryan, 2008, p. 569).   Ryan argues that this love of reputation was also encouraged with a obedience to a politically correct world. Ryan (2008, p.569 cites Locke, 1963) and argues that there are many examples where Locke explains how to avoid the exercise of the masters brute force and make the desired habits â€Å"natural in them† without the child perceiving you have any hand in it. Lockes ideas on esteem and disgrace, public praise and private admonitions, were also seen by Ryan as another example of punishments and rewards. Ryan (2008, p. 569) acknowledges however, that Lockes conditioned child helped to encourage a new construction of a more authentic, political and developmental child, for the future. Locke promoted the idea of virtue in children meaning to have the powers of rational thought and to defer gratification. Locke also suggested that unruly children should be cultivated rather than curbed. The Department of Educations advice to modern day head teachers (2014) reminds us that discipline is still a priority in schools with head teachers responsible for promoting good behaviour, self-discipline and respect.   Locke argued that learning should be appropriate to a childs stage of development and consideration had to be given for a childs immaturity when they behaved inappropriately.   The work of Jean Piagets stage theory confirmed the idea of developmentally appropriate education for children in schools, with materials and instruction appropriate for pupils in terms of both their physical and cognitive skills (Eyesenk and Flanagan 2001). However, Lockes idea that learning should be tailored to each childs needs is virtually impossible in schools today with rising class sizes, increasing discipline problems, special needs requirements, language differences and mixed abilities. Locke preferred wherever possible for children to be home tutored. However, research shows that young people in Britain in the 21st Century are some of the least confident and unhappiest in the developed world (Blundell 2012).   In 2008 the policy think tank Compass reported that childhood was being excessively commercialised and children were the target of aggressive marketing which included both gadgetry as well as brand names (Blundell 2012).   Palmer (2006) argues that childhood is under pressure from the marketing and promotion of consumption as the root of happiness and opportunities for play are becoming increasingly limited.   Recreation time has now been replaced with adult organised play and sport, homework and exams. The Childrens Society (2009) discovered that childrens lives were being negatively affected by fears for their safety. They were also given unrealisable materialistic desires and goals as a result of the pressures of the consumerist culture. This is contrary to what Locke believed about free play and learning without fe ar (Moseley, 2007, p. 36). The discourses on childhood reflect a deeply dualistic and contradictory way of thinking with childhood   seen both as important in itself and at the same time as a preparation for adulthood, (Jones, 2009).   Children can be seen as both vulnerable and in need of protection, but also seen as capable and competent.   Jones, (2009) writes it is these dualistic, ways of viewing children, that contribute to their silence and invisibility. Jenks (2005) adds to this discourse by describing this dualism in terms of both chaotic and disorderly (Dionysian) and   sweetness and light, (Apollonian). Stainton-Rogers (2011) writes about an unequal relationship between the child and adult and argues that we treat children like they are another species as object to be studied rather than as people. At the heart of the UNCRC however, there is a rather different approach to childhood and one which now recognises childrens rights, (Gittins 2005). Children are seen as active agents and engaged participants in their lives. Children all over the world are now involved in the digital world of mobile phones, social media, interactive games, social networking and blogging and this has had significant influence on childhood, their play experience and their literacy. Waller (2012) argues that children are now actively involved in co-constructing their own lives, culture and activities, in their own time and space. Emerging is an acceptance that there are multiple and diverse childhoods in the globalist world we now live in (Waller 2012).   The emphasis is on participatory rights for children   which challenges the way we carry out child research and the ways we study children, as well as approaches to teaching. A modern view of children therefore acknowledges agency and childrens capa city to both understand and act upon their world   (Waller, 2012 p.8). Although this may seem far removed from Lockes construction of childhood as a time for parental guidance, example, protection, supervision, discipline, control and virtuosity, many of his ideas have laid the foundation for children to be viewed in a more humane and enlightened way and has led to contemporary discourses on childhood.   Bibliography Blundell, D. (2012) Education and Constructions of Childhood.   London: Continuum International Publishing Group. Buckingham, D. (2000) After the death of childhood: growing up in the age of electronic media; Cambridge: Polity Press. Children’s Society (2009) A Good Childhood. London: Penguin. Compass (2008)   The Commercialisation of Childhood, London: Compass. Dahlberg, G., Moss, P. and Pence, A.(2007) Beyond Quality in Early Childhood Education and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Care:    Postmodern Perspectives, 2nd ed. London and New York: Routledge Falmer. Department of Education (2014) Behaviour and Discipline in Schools:   Advice for Headteachers and School Staff. Available at https://www.education.gov.uk. [Accessed 18/12/2014]. Eysenck, M. W. Flanagan, C. (2001) Psychology.   Sussex, UK: Psychology Press Ltd. Gianoutsos, J. (2006) Locke and Rousseau: Early Childhood Education. The Pulse (Vol 4, p. 1-23).     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Available at baylor.edu/content/services/document.php?id=37670.   [Accessed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   16.12.2014]. Gittins, D. (2009) The Historical Construction of Childhood in Kehily, M.J. (ed) An Introduction to Childhood Studies. Buckingham: Open University Press. James, A. and Prout, A. (1997) Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood. London: Routledge. Jenks, C. (2005) Childhood. 2nd Ed. London: Routledge. Jones, P. (2009) Rethinking Childhood: Attitudes in Contemporary Society. London: Continuum   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   International Publishing Group. McDowall-Clark, R. (2010) Childhood in Society in Early Childhood Studies. Exeter: Learning   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Matters Ltd. Moseley, A. (2007) John Locke.   London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Palmer, S. (2006) Toxic Childhood: How the Modern World is Damaging Our Children. London:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Orion Books Ltd. Penn, H. (2008) Understanding Early Childhood: Issues and Controversies. 2nd ed. UK: Open   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press. Ryan, P. J.   (2008) How New Is the â€Å"New† Social Study of Childhood? The Myth of a Paradigm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shift.   Journal of Interdisciplinary History, xxxviii (4), p. 553–576. The Plowden Report (1967) A Report of the Central Advisory Council for England. Available @   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   educationengland.org.uk/documents/plowden/plowden1967-1.html.   Accessed   Ã‚   18/12/2014. Waller, T. (2012) Modern Childhood: Contemporary Theories and Childrens Lives in C. Cable., L. Miller., and G. Goodliff, Working with Children in the Early Years. 2nd Ed.   NY: Routledge. UNICEF (2012) A Summary of the United Nations Convention of the Rights of Children. Available at   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   https://www.unicef.org.uk/Documents/Publication-pdfs/betterlifeleaflet2012_press.pdf.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [Accessed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   18/12/2014].

Organizational Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organizational Health and Safety - Essay Example Harris (2007) proposes preventive OHS strategies that can be used to provide to an employee-friendly environment in modern organizations. He proposes that the best strategy to control risk factors in the working environment is to institute mitigation measures as a pro-active action to guarantee employee safety, rather than compensate them while they risk their lives. In his view, this would include protective clothing for technical personnel, gas masks for individual working in environments with chemical gases and chemical treatment of gases before their release.The government in many states has instituted government policies to regulate pollution and the health and safety issues that arise within organizations as a strategy of protecting the community. In the UK, the British non-departmental civic body provided regulations to safeguard the health of the employees in their occupations.Other OHS activists have suggested an integrated strategy that includes risk mitigation and employee compensation to ensure a healthy working environment (Andonakis & Loosemore, 2006). Â   In conclusion, Organizational Health and Safety has become a major concern for the human resource management in most of the states. The changes in the working environment have resulted from the incentives of companies to integrate technology in every business aspect, hence bringing a whole new environment in the workplace. It has predisposed certain groups of employees to higher risks of suffering from injury or illnesses resulting from the environment they work in.... In the last 30 years, industrial revolution has become evident in most parts of the world including UK (Holmes & Gifford, 2002); most countries have engaged in industrial development as a strategy to develop their economic status by providing cost effective goods and providing employment for the majority of employees. The industries have attracted many employees in the diverse departments of the organization and the economic benefit that has resulted from this kind of trend cannot be undermined. However, this has brought a new challenge to the employees’ health and safety welfare due to the environmental impact of these industries. For instance, petroleum industries have become a great threat not only to the health of employees but to the world at large. The emissions associated with these companies contain a lot of harmful gases such as carbon monoxide and sulfur-dioxide which is known for their atmospheric pollution. This has become a demotivation for employees in this secto r and their withdrawal has had adverse effects on productivity of these companies. In brief, changes in the industrial sector has changed the working environment, exposing its employees to toxic gases that may are hazardous to their lives. Another change that has impacted on the health and safety issues in the work environment is the introduction of sophisticated technology in the workplace. The investment of many companies in the IT technology has been emphasized due to the technological demands of the dynamic market conditions. It is indisputable that introduction of this technology has come along with numerous merits in the transformation of service efficiency. With implementation of LAN technology it is possible for managers to

Wrongful Convictions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wrongful Convictions - Assignment Example languishing in jails has recently triggered series of advocacy efforts in order to bring sanity and create order in the system Above all, the fundamental concern in this regard lies in giving justice to each and every member of the society. The case of the United States v. Wade is a clear demonstration of the concept of wrongful convictions that normally affect society. However, unlike in this particular case, certain cases are never appealed and innocent people end up convicted and jailed or executed. In the case of United States v. Wade, it is realized that the crime took place on 21st September, 1964 when a bank in Texas was robbed at a time when two of its employees were actually inside. Later on 24th March, 1965, Joe Wade and two other people were charged with robbing the bank. Upon his arrest, Wade was represented by a counsel who had been appointed for that purpose. When an FBI agent arranged for a lineup in the courthouse in order to trace the culprits, it was unfortunate enough that Wade did not have his counsel present. The two employees present at that time therefore identified Wade as the robber. The same occurrence took place at the trial. However, the two employees were examined to seek any connection wit h the previous lineup. However, Wade’s defense pushed for his acquittal on the premise that the lineup was in violation of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. The court nevertheless refused that motion and Wade was convicted. The Fifth Circuit however reversed the conviction on the very premise that the lineup was in violation to the Sixth Amendment given that it was done in the absence of the defendant’s counsel (Dressler 65). The point of defense in the original trial was the feeling that the lineup was not in tandem with the Fifth and Sixth amendments. The defense categorically argued that the lineup was conducted in the absence of a counsel and could not therefore be used as the basis for making decision on the case. On the Fifth Amendment,

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Assignment - Essay Example Hence, the different views of freedom in the society create different parties. These parties have different beliefs and views regarding freedom. In the United States, the rivalry of two parties has been popular which started the second party system. Two of the most known parties which opposed each other are the Democrats and the Whigs. These two parties have been opposing with each other in the perception of freedom even in the early 1830’s. The democrats are known as Jacksonian party. The first major leader of the party was Andrew Jackson. Democrats have viewed freedom as in favor of states’ right more than the federal government. They believe that the state can be very influential as a positive factor in assisting the people in the society (Herrick and Stuart 336). Also, they see equality as vital factor for freedom in the society. Democrats believe in a sense of equality in the society because for them, it gives an impact to people that long for belongingness. As wha t Herrick and Stuart stated, â€Å"Democrats believe in equality because it reduces alienation and creates a greater sense of social belonging† (336). Moreover, democrats view the society that is composed of rules for â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have not† (Norton et al. 325). Democrats view freedom having such just, humanitarian, and democratic society. It is on their belief that freedom should be considered as private that individuals are entitled to secure its stability. Democrats chose to believe that by having equal rights, it is the best way to ensure the effectiveness of having freedom in the society. As what Herrick and Stuart note that the state is the one who can control the economy by using social and rational planning as what Democrats believe (336). Also, the state is held responsible for economic planning so that the needs of the people in the society will be achieved. On the other hand, Whigs viewed freedom as having an active federal government. They b elieve that having an active government can help enhance the freedom of the society. Whigs are more in favor in an activist government in terms of economic expansion (Norton et al. 325). Hence, they are more supportive with regard to corporate charters, paper currency and even the national bank, which is the total opposite of Democrats (Norton et al. 325). Obviously, Whigs see freedom as a result of having social reforms and progress. For the Whigs, giving influence to the political minorities regarding reform associations can best express freedom in its form of serving the society for the common good (Norton et al. 325). However, this idea is viewed by Democrats as an improper way of giving freedom to the society. As Democrats favored equal rights, Whigs on the other hand, favored equal opportunities. In addition, Whigs insist that federal government can help instill and put a self-disciplined and self-directed freedom for each individual. The energetic government and active moral reform can best exercise freedom as what Whigs believe (Norton et al. 325). Thus, Whigs support new banks, availability of corporate and bank charters, and paper currency. However, Democrats never agreed for a paper currency (Norton et al. 325). Whigs have favored bank corporations, while Democrats have not. While Whigs remain to be industrialists and nationalists, Democrats stayed to the belief that every individual can take position. Indeed, these two parties have an opposite view regarding freedom in the

Juror Organised Highly Conscientious Philosophy Essay

Juror Organised Highly Conscientious Philosophy Essay 12 Angry Men is a story of 12 juries making decision for a boy who have been accused for murdering his own father. A jury not only symbolizes democracy, but also embodies important cultural values which teamwork. The movie, 12 Angry Men clearly depicts how a random group of people can come together for a common goal, and in this case specifically to reach a final verdict. Each member possesses specific personality traits and diverse backgrounds that affect the decision making process. In the beginning, eleven juries out of twelve voted guilty. Only Juror No.8 voted the boy is not guilty. Juror 8 thought that they should re-examine the evidences again and not simply make decision on the boys life within five minutes. All of them agreed to speak out their opinions about the case. Most of them voted guilty based on the evidences and testimonials by the witnesses. 2.0 Personalities According to the Gordon Allport, personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment In other words, the ways in which a person reacts or interacts with others. Actually, it is the mixture of characteristics or traits that form a persons character and makes the person unique from another. In the movie 12 Angry Men the twelve juries got twelve different personalities. Hence, by using the personality traits models, like Big Five Model we have analyzed what kind of personalities they fall into. 2.1 Juror#1- Responsible, Conscientiousness Firstly, Juror #1 was the leader (foreman) of the twelve jury board. Throughout the discussion on whether the boy who was accused as a murderer of his father is guilty or not, he acted as a responsible leader. We discover that he handled situation in an organized way, for example- at start he suggested everyone to sit by their numbers and after that when everyone was settled on their seats he explained what they are supposed to do, and also when Juror#12 was distracted from his responsibility as a juror, Juror#1 reminded him his reason to be in the juror board. So, this proves that he has high conscientiousness. Furthermore, his agreeableness is also quite high as he considered others opinion about voting at first and keeping everyones view in front according to jury numbers and so on. In addition, his emotional stability is high, he was calm throughout the discussion even when 10th Juror questioned his leadership by asking him to stop treating them as kids, he did not raise his voic e too much but he just offered Juror#10 to take over his position. 2.2 Juror#2- Mild Openness to Idea It was the first time as a juror for Juror#2, so he was at first clueless about how thing works in a juror discussion. He was not very comfortable to voice out his ideas about why he thinks the boy is guilty, he just believes the evidences and the words he heard from the case. It gives the idea that his openness to new things is not high; he is not autonomous when taking decision. But he got more involved as the discussion goes on after a while and when the Juror#8 was showing out his doubt about the truth of the evidence, Juror#2 took notice of the logic behind the doubts and eventually supported Juror#8. 2.3 Juror#3- Stubborn Next, Juror#3 was the one who changed his vote to not guilty in the end. His stubbornness made him stick towards voting guilty throughout the discussion. He did not want to listen to any opinion other than his; he also denied the facts that make the evidences doubtful, this makes him low on agreeableness. Furthermore, he is low on conscientiousness as he did not feel responsible for the boys life, he thought that the courtroom was sleepy, people are talking too much when the case was obvious, and it is just a waste of time and money for him, even when the Juror#8 was giving out his view instead of listening carefully why Juror#8 thought the boy might not be guilty Juror#3 was playing with Juror#12. Next, he also lost his temper when Juror#8 was convincing others with his reasons of having doubt on the evidences and the number of vote for not guilty was increasing, he yelled at those who changed their mind, he was emotionally unstable. 2.4 Juror#4- Organised, Highly Conscientious Now, we move to Juror#4. He gives an impression of a very professional and organized person because he supported his view about the boy being guilty with facts and logic, without simply just saying guilty because the court said so. Despite that, he is highly conscientious as he took his duty as juror seriously. He was emotionally stable and opens to others opinion. He was not influenced by others, when making decisions he was independent, rational and calm. He changed his vote only after Juror#8 and Juror#9 gave him enough evidence (e.g. remembering the movie name, marks of spectacles on the womans nose) to doubt his decision over the kid as the murderer. However, at the beginning of the discussion he showed a little negative thinking about the slum and the people who live there by saying He was born in a slum. Slums are breeding grounds for criminals, I know as a view its no secret. 2.5 Juror#5- Introvert Next, Juror#5 shared the same background in terms of environment and culture in which, the boy who was accused to be murderer grew up. He was not comfortable to judge the boy and also did not want to give reason behind his vote at first. He showed the symptoms of an introvert person. Later on when he connected the evidence with his own experience and when he was offended by having a background that was born in a slum, he changed his vote to not guilty. 2.6 Juror#6- Simple When we come to Juror#6, we can know that he was a simple man. When it was his time to give his opinion on the cause of voting guilty he simply said there was a motive like every murder case and the picture presented in the court makes it obvious that the boy killed his father, he could not argue with the fact Juror#8 brought in front of him then. He just agrees with the court decision. He never became hyper throughout the meeting; he tried to stop whenever people got into fight just like Juror#4. In the movie we could also see his feeling of responsibility towards the old man. 2.7 Juror#7- Irresponsible, Irrational We realized that Juror#7 was the most irresponsible and irrational. He wanted the discussion to finish as fast as possible so that he could go to watch a baseball match. To him, the life of a person was like a child play to him. He did not fulfill his responsibility as a jury which makes him low on conscientiousness. He related the boys past offences to judge him as guilty. 2.8 Juror#8- High in conscientiousness, Emotionally Stable Next, Juror#8 is the most important character in the story, because of him everybody started to think the case from a what if situation. He felt responsible for the boys life, he presented his opinion with logic, he thought about the reliability of the evidence presented in the court, he put a lot of effort to show the leaks in the evidences (e.g. the knife, the old man testimony about seeing the boy running down the stairs, women who saw the murder from a moving train). This proves he is high on conscientiousness. He was emotionally stable even though he was frequently questioned about his decision. Just once he lost temper for a bit because Juror#3 was not paying attention to his talk. 2.9 Juror#9- Old, Timid, Low Confidence Level The negative personalities can be detected through Juror#9. He is very old and afraid to voice out his thought. His confidence level is low as he does not have the strength to argue with the other juries who were younger than him. He was threatened by Juror#10. At a point of time he wished he was younger to voice out his argument. However, he is a very good observer. He was the second not guilty voter. He changed his vote when he saw Juror#8s view connects with his observation. His observing quality supported Juror#8s doubt about the evidences throughout. His decision making was based on intuition where he himself also not sure whether the story told by the defendant was true or not. He just thinks that they need to discuss further before sending the defendant for the execution. 2.10 Juror#10- Hyper, Emotionally Unstable The most emotional character was Juror#10 as he was the most hyper, emotionally unstable person in the group. He did not want to hear any argument that contradicts with his opinion about the boy, he shouted, yelled at those who thought the boy was not guilty. His judgment was discriminative. He referred the boy as trash, animals, drugged up person who do not care about peoples life and kill them without having any proper reason; he is just like other people who grow up in the slum. 2.11 Juror#11- Introvert In contrast to Juror#10, Juror#11 has an introvert personality. He was not noticeable at the beginning of the movie. During the time of voting he raised up his hand with some hesitation after seeing the majority were raising hands to vote as guilty. At first he observed Juror#8, Juror#9 and Juror#5s logic in voting not guilty then he changed his vote and started to share his opinion. He was open towards the facts presented by Juror#8, 9 and 10. Although he was calm all the way but when Juror#7 changed his vote to not guilty without giving any proper reason he burst out in anger seeing that childishness over a serious matter. This also shows that Juror#11 is conscientious. 2.12 Juror#12- Extrovert Lastly, Juror#12 at the beginning tried to interact with other juries; it shows that he is an extrovert. But when the discussion started he did not expressed much, instead he was carried away with his own personal job. His agreeableness level was high. He did not have his own thinking or opinion on the case; he was easily distracted by the two parties (guilty and not guilty) in the discussion. When majority vote for guilty, then he raises his hand. He was unsure about his own decision. This decision making may be affected by his high agreeableness personalities that caused him to listen, or even follow others opinion without own judgment. 3.0Values Actually, values were developed from a belief that people hold in. Hence, value is defined as specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence. Normally, they contain a judgmental element in that they carry an individuals ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable. We realize values are important in this movie because they contain jurors interpretations of right and wrong. We will classify and interpret the values found in each characters of 12 Angry Mens using Rokeach Value Survey which is consists of terminal values and instrumental values. 3.1 Juror#1-Equal Opportunity As we know, foreman should be fairer and stress on equality. Juror#1 is the foreman of the jury. He has terminal value of equality which is equal opportunity for all juries to vote. He is serious about his authoritative role and wants to be as fair as possible to everyone. He offers everyone an equal opportunity to vote and speak out their opinion whether the boy guilty or not guilty. He also has instrumental values of broad-minded. He is open-minded in listening and accepting every jurors opinion. For instance, he accepted the proposal of Juror#8 to have a round of secret vote. His broad-minded values also affected his decision making. He vote for guilty at first, but with the reasonable doubt with all the evidence, he shift to not guilty at last. His decision making was quiet rational and did not shift too often as what Juror#12 did. 3.2 Juror#2-Polite Juror#2 is a quiet man who is easily persuaded by the opinions of others and cannot explain the roots of his opinions. He has instrumental values of polite. He is trying to voice out his own opinion with polite way. His politeness can be seen through the discussion process where he kept one asking question in a polite manner and gain respect from other Jurors. 3.3 Juror#3- Capable, Courageous Now we move to another instrumental value, which are capable and courageous. Juror#3 has instrumental values of capable and courageous. He stands up for his belief that the boy is guilty based on the facts such as the switchblade used as the murder weapon and evidence from the witness. However, his strong belief on the defendant must guilty was also influenced by his bad relationship with his son who hit and left him, which thus lead him to be irrational in analyzing the reasonable doubt for those evidences and decisions made. 3.4 Juror#4-Logical, Broad-Minded Juror#4 has instrumental values of logical and broad-minded. He logically related his decision with the evidences. On the other hand, he is also able to listen to other juries opinion. He was convinced by Juror#9 that the witness across the road may not really see what is happening at the murder place. He tries to support his own decision by further analysis of the facts with logical ways. 3.5 Juror#5-Forgiving, Logical Next, we can find instrumental value of forgiving on Juror#5. Although he got offended when Juror#3 and Juror#10 criticizing him on his background, however he is still willing to forgive them. Witnessing knife fights and normal slum behaviour, he feels obligated to explain an experience that would later help the jurors vote not guilty. The ability to link his experience of knife fights and normal slum behaviour to this case whereby the defendant is also from slum shows that Juror#5 has instrumental value of intelligence in his thinking. 3.6 Juror#6-Respect, Loving Now let us move to Juror#6 who has terminal values of respect and instrumental values of loving. He respects Juror#9 which is the eldest among them. He tries to let Juror#9 has the chance to voice out his opinion. Juror#6 bravely stands up to Juror #3 when he speaks rudely to Juror #9, threatening to hit Juror #3 if he ever speaks to the old man like that again. 3.7 Juror#7-Pleasure, Cheerful Meanwhile, terminal values of pleasure and instrumental values of cheerful are clearly shown on Juror#7. He is a baseball fan. He bought two tickets to watch live baseball game on that particular day. During the break time of the discussion, everyone was tensed with how things going to be as a jury, but he still could talk with others cheerfully. 3.8 Juror#8-Logical, Responsible Juror#8 has instrumental values of logical and responsible. He does not believe the evidence that presented by lawyer. He analyzed evidence by using logic. For instance, he questioned on the old man who claimed himself had taken fifteen seconds from his bedroom to rush to his front door and gotten a look on the murderer. He does not simply make a decision that may destroy the boys life. He feels that as one of the Juror, he has the responsibility to make a right decision. This is clearly shown when he first voted not guilty because he wants further discussion and not to decide the defendants life just within five minutes without any further discussion. Majority were trying to give some pressure to the Juror#8 for his odd decision. But the pressure could not shake off his decision; he stood strong with his own decision which was affected by his values. 3.9 Juror#9-Intellectual, Logical Follow with Juror#9 who has instrumental values of intellectual and logical. Although he is the eldest among them still he paid a lot of attention during the trial and looked into detailed on every witness. He convinced Juror#4 on the reasonable doubt on the woman has deep marks on her nose, which means she is wearing spectacles and might not be able to see clearly on the murder case that happened across the road with train passed by and just got up from bed which is not putting on her spectacles. This shows how he used his intelligence and observance in daily life in this case. 3.10 Juror#10-Courageous Next, Juror#10 has instrumental value of courageous. He is standing up for his belief that with the background of the boy comes from, which is born in a slum, the boy must be guilty. This has become his prejudice which caused him fail to think and decide rationally on whether the boy is guilty or not. Besides that, Juror#10 also has terminal value of self-respect. He holds very high esteem not to be someone from the slums. Juror#10s decision making was affected by his perceptions towards the background of the defendant which occurred from his self-esteem values that want to be differentiated from people of that background. 3.11 Juror#11-Responsible Instrumental value of responsible can be found on Juror#11. He felt the responsibility being juror to give the correct judgment on the defendant and believe in justice. Besides that, Juror#11 also has instrumental value of logical. He is observant with the facts and changed his vote to not guilty due to the doubt on whether the defendant would have reasonably fled the scene and come back three hours later to retrieve his knife. His decision is based on logical thinking about how a normal people might act after committing a murder. 3.12 Juror#12-An Exciting Life Lastly, Juror#12 has terminal value of having an exciting life. He involves actively in social activities and his work. However, this has caused him often distracted during the discussion of the jury. 4.0 Attitude Attitudes are evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events. Attitudes give warnings of potential problems and influence behavior. Attitudes have three components which are cognitive (evaluation), affective (feeling), and behavioral (action). In this movie, most of the jurors have a positive attitude that the boy is guilty. They believe that the evidences are solid, which is the cognitive component for their attitude. Following with this, the affective component of their behaviour were set up whereby they feel the boy is guilty. Subsequently, it affected their behaviour component and they voted the boy is guilty. Conversely, Juror#8 has a different attitude compared to other Juries. He thinks there are a lot of reasonable doubts in the evidences yet no one questioned the validity of those evidences in the court. This has become the cognitive component for his negative attitude towards the boy is guilty. He feels that the boy might not be guilty, which is the affective component of his attitude. Because of this, he voted the boy as not guilty and wants to have a discussion with other jurors on the evidences. 5.0 Emotion and Mood After discussing the personality and values depicted by the 12 Angry Men, emotion and moods are two other important variables that affect decision making process. Actually, emotions are intense feelings directed at someone or something while moods are less intense feelings than emotions and often lack a contextual stimulus. In addition, emotions are reactions to a person or an event but moods usually are not directed at a person or an event (Robbins, S.P. Judge, T.A. (2013) Organizational Behavior). In 12 Angry Men movie, decisions making of 12 juries whether that young boy guilty or not guilty are always affected by their emotions and moods. Thus, having a stable emotion is necessary for them to make a rational decision. 5.1 Juror#1- Mood: Neutral to Bad; Emotion: Frustration Juror#1 is the foreman of the jury and he shows his leadership at first and neutral mood. However, he gets frustrated when other jurors questioned his leadership. He wants to be as fair as possible and try to maintain a relaxed and calm mood when discussion is going on. Luckily, he was able to regulate back his emotion to normal state and facilitate the discussion at the mid. 5.2 Juror#2- Mood: Anxious; Emotion: Nervous On the other hand, Juror#2 is a quiet and the most timid guy in the group. Having his first time to deliberate in such jury case made him anxious and fear to voice out his opinion. He was easily persuaded by other jurors due to his lack of self confidence. Besides, he also failed to explain the roots of his opinion that grounded his decision at the beginning. However, his courage to voice out his opinion has been mounting as the discussion goes further. 5.3 Juror#3- Mood: Bad; Emotion: Angry Let us move to the main antagonist of the movie, Juror#3. Juror#3 is a person who quick to lose his temper. His was having a bad mood since the beginning when he complains on the lawyers talked for so long even on such an obvious case. He gets angry when Juror#8 and other members disagree with his opinions, and his anger becomes stronger when other jurors change their vote from guilty to not guilty. He believes that the defendant is absolutely guilty until the very end of the play. His emotion gets affected in this case because he has poor relationship with his own son, which causes him to have biased views. Being in angry emotion and biased views has caused him irrational in making decision on guilty and not guilty for the defendant until the very end of the movie. His decision making was based on his own experience that does not related much to the trial. 5.4 Juror#4- Mood: Neutral; Emotion: Calm We realize that Juror#4 is a logical and well-spoken stockbroker. Being rational while maintaining his calm mood allowed him to have the most stable emotion throughout the discussion and able to discuss and make decisions rationally. For instance, he urges fellow jurors to avoid emotional arguments and engage in rational discussion. When one of the jurors says this is not an exact science, he does not take into account the feelings, the passions and the characters of the people involved in the case. Other than that, most of the jurors mood has been affected and they got frustrated easily as they were staying in a no air-conditioned room in a hot sunny day. Yet, under this hot environment, he is the only juror that does not take his jacket off and always adapt for logical thinking and able to make reasonable decision. 5.5 Juror#5- Mood: Anxious to Neutral; Emotion: Nervous Next, Juror#5 has an anxious mood when expressing his opinion especially in front of the elder members of the group. He is under emotional stress because of having the same background with the boy which is growing up in the slums. This appears one of the main reasons for him voting guilty at first because he does not want compassion to influence his decision. However as the trial goes on he is able to gain more confident to voice out his opinion and sharing his experience on knife fights and normal slum behaviour that convinced other jurors there is reasonable doubt on the evidences. This makes him emotionally more stable and his mood also back to neutral. Juror#5s decision was affected by his emotion whereby at first he passes his chance to give reason why he voted guilty for the trial which maybe feeling of ashamed for having the same background with the defendant that is living in slum, uneducated and bad environmental where knife fighting was just a common phenomena. 5.6 Juror#6- Mood: A little tensed; Emotion: Calm Juror#6 is a regular employee that has high agreeableness to others. He has little tense mood because of everyone in the room is better qualified than him in making decisions and offering explanations and opinions. However he has a stable emotion that enables him to see the good in others. 5.7 Juror#7- Mood: Good to Bad; Emotion: Frustration Juror#7 is the only one that really has no opinion on this case. This can be shown by when he follows others suggestion and changes his vote easily just because he wants to go back home early. One of the sources of emotions and mood which is social activities has influenced his mood throughout the discussion. He felt happy at the beginning as he could go to watch live baseball game. However, his mood turned down and get frustrated when the discussion takes longer. His emotion and decision making was distracted by the baseball game as he wanted to speed things up a bit so he can be out of the jury room as soon as possible to enjoy his baseball game. 5.8 Juror#8- Mood: Neutral to Good; Emotion: Determined and Calm In contrast to Juror#7, Juror#8 stands firm on his decision grounded with his reasonable doubt on the evidences. Juror#8 is a caring man and he feels the responsibility to care about the boys life. Maintaining a stable emotion enables Juror#8 have a logical mind and able to make a rational decision. He has put more thoughts into the case than any other jurors which make him able to prove and explain the situation in different ways to persuade other jurors change their vote. For example, he bought the same knife used as murder weapon that is not ordinary and tried to prove the reasonable doubts on those witnesses such as the old man who drags one foot when he walks because of stroke, able to rush to the front door from his bedroom which is quite distance away in fifteen seconds and managed to look on the murderer. Juror#8 also has high emotional intelligence in this movie that he always shows the right feeling and knows how to control his own emotion even every other juror has voted g uilty but he is the only one to vote not guilty at the first. Besides that, Juror#8 urges others to be patience with the discussion and contemplate the details of the case. 5.9 Juror#9- Mood: Neutral; Emotion: Calm Next, Juror#9 is a wise old man with his great life experience and he has quite a unique way of looking at this case. His calm and relaxed mood allows him to think logically and be a good observer. He is the first one who realizes the woman, who testified that she saw the murder, had deep marks on the side of her nose and it means she wears glasses. This has put on reasonable doubt that the woman who just got out from bed may not wearing glasses, and thus it is likely for her not able to see clearly the murder across the road. He has high positive mood which is alert. For instance, he is the first to openly recognize Juror#10s racist attitude, stating that What this man says is very dangerous. 5.10 Juror#10- Mood: Bad; Emotion: Angry Let us proceed to Juror#10. Juror#10 is the most horrifying character in this movie. He tries to force his opinion of guilty to other jurors and gets angry easily when other jurors opinion is not same with him. He votes guilty and does not even try to hide the fact that he does so because of the boys social background. He has a strong stereotyping attitude and this stopped him to think rationally and voted the boy guilty just because of the boys background. This has lead to other jurors turning their back on him near the end of the movie after his outburst that shows his prejudice on the defendant. 5.11 Juror#11- Mood: Neutral; Emotion: Calm When we come to Juror#11, we know that he is an immigrant watchmaker. He believes in justice and feels he is responsible to make the correct judgment for the case. He tries to keep himself calm and relaxed throughout the discussion. This stable emotion allows him able to look at both sides of the problem. However, Juror#11 lost his temper once when he was horrified by juror#7 who voted not guilty just because want to make the trial ends as soon as possible. 5.12 Juror#12- Mood: Anxious; Emotion: Nervous Eventually, Juror#12 is an arrogant and impatient advertising executive. He has an anxious mood for the discussion to be over so that he can get back to his career and his social life. His decision gets affected by his nervous mood. This can be shown by when he change his vote easily just to follow majority and do not have his own opinion. 6.0 Other Variables That Affects Decision Making Process 6.1 Hot Environment Besides the abovementioned variables like personality, values, attitudes, emotions and moods, external factor do affect the decision making process also. One of the most prominent external factors is the environment for the discussion room. When all the jurors entered the discussion room, they found that the room was hot due to the breakdown of the air-conditioner. As a result, all the jurors just kept on finding ways to make the rooms more ventilated instead of seeking for discussion. So, the morale of all jurors has been lowered down by the hot and non-conducive environment and affects the discussion process. Definitely, they would just hope that the discussion may be ended up quickly and this drives them to make illogical decision. 6.2 Stereotype Next, the shortcut of stereotyping people used by the eleven jurors except Juror #8 in judging the suspected murderer will affect the decision making process too. Juror #3 has related his son with the suspected murder attitude. In fact, the Juror#3 did not get along with the suspected murderer attitude. He said that How kids are nowadays. He mentioned that he had a bad relationship with his son after his son hit him. Following his bad experiences, Juror#3 perceived that all teenagers were rebellious and will attack his own father. So, his stereotyping attitude has affected his decision making process and made him stressing that The boy is guilty. Another prominent stereotyping judgment can be discovered through the accusation of Juror#10 that the boy was deemed to be guilty was due to his family background. He cited that the suspected murders slum background as the evidence for him to kill his father. Undoubtedly, this stereotyping attitude will affect their decision making especiall y Juror#3 and Juror#5 and vote the boy to be guilty. 6.3 Bounded Rationality and positive Intuition Apart from those discussed variables, Juror#8 has exhibited the positive elements in making rational decision. The positive elements are bounded rationality and positive intuition. Juror#8 has constructed simplified models model that extract the essential features from problems without capturing the complexities. For example, Juror#8 has questioned about the validity of the old mans testimonial. Hence, he extracted the essential features that Can the old man who had suffered a stroke and could only walk slowly, gotten to the door to see the suspected murderer ran to the downstairs in fifteen second? in a clear manner. Furthermore, the Juror#8 also has portrayed positive intuition that mentioned that he felt the boy will not kill his father and there is a doubt about the validity of the witnesss testimonial. He once told other Juror You dont believe the boy, then why you believe the women? 6.4 Overconfidence bias However, there are several decision biases and errors happened throughout the hot discussion among those 12 angry Jurors. The first common bias shown by majority of Jurors except 8th Juror is overconfidence bias. This can be evidence through the opening of the scene where majority of the Jurors were complaining and presuming the obvious guilt of the suspected murderer. Most of them were overconfidence that the defendant had definitely killed his father. Besides that, when there was a new doubt arose like switchable knife that was not as unique as the Juror mention, most of them just upset that they were still arguing the facts and cannot go home. Hence, their overconfidence about defendant was the murderer causes them could not have a rational discussion and develop reasonable doubt. Luckily, there was 8th Juror tried to lead the team to the rational path. 6.5 Anchoring Bias Furthermore, we can detect numerals biases rooted in the mind of the Juror#3. Fro